412 research outputs found

    Hur stor Àr arealen odlad myrjord i Sverige?

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    Kreditansökan vid större investeringar i lantbruksföretag

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    Utvecklingen i det svenska jordbruket har de senaste Ă„ren gĂ„tt mot en allt mer kapitalintensiv produktion. Företagen blir större och för att finansiera tillvĂ€xten krĂ€vs externt kapital. UtlĂ„ningen till lantbruket har under de senaste Ă„tta Ă„ren fördubblats. VĂ€rdet pĂ„ en modern anlĂ€ggning för mjölkproduktion Ă€r beroende av att den anvĂ€nds för mjölkproduktion och Ă€r knuten till den plats dĂ€r den uppförs. Detta innebĂ€r att andrahandsvĂ€rdet för investeringen Ă€r lĂ„gt och det blir svĂ„rt att avveckla i förtid för lantbrukaren som belĂ„nat sin fastighet för att erhĂ„lla nödvĂ€ndigt kapital. En investering av denna karaktĂ€r innebĂ€r extra stora risker i förhĂ„llande till investeringar dĂ€r denna problematik inte förekommer, sĂ„vĂ€l för lantbrukaren som för en extern finansiĂ€r (banken). Studiens huvudsyfte Ă€r att belysa en del av kreditbedömningsprocessen, nĂ€mligen kreditansökans innehĂ„ll och betydelse. Syftet Ă€r att svara pĂ„ hur lantbrukare ska utforma sina kreditansökningar pĂ„ bĂ€sta sĂ€tt för att erhĂ„lla bankfinansiering vid större nyinvesteringar. Studien genomfördes genom att 23 kredithandlĂ€ggare ombads att var och en ta stĂ€llning till tvĂ„ hypotetiska kreditansökningar samt besvara en enkĂ€t. I enkĂ€ten efterfrĂ„gades vilka villkor kunden förvĂ€ntades fĂ„ och vilket intryck de fick av företagaren och investeringen samt vad de ansĂ„g om informationen i kreditansökan. De hypotetiska kreditansökningarna baserades pĂ„ tvĂ„ verkliga företag som nyligen stĂ„tt inför nyinvesteringar i mjölkproduktion. 21 av de tillfrĂ„gade kredithandlĂ€ggarna besvarade studien. Resultaten frĂ„n undersökningen analyserades med utgĂ„ngspunkt i teorin om asymmetrisk information. Resultatet av studien visar att ett lantbruksföretag som stĂ„r inför en investering med ett starkt budgeterat resultat kan, genom att tillgodose banken med ett tillfredstĂ€llande underlag, förbĂ€ttra sina kreditvillkor. Om företagaren dĂ€remot stĂ„r inför en investering med svagare budgeterat resultat vĂ€cks fler frĂ„getecknen hos kredithandlĂ€ggaren. Det medför att kredithandlĂ€ggarna stĂ€ller högre krav pĂ„ motiveringen varför investeringen ska genomföras samt pĂ„ information om företagarens personliga situation, för att informationen ska anses tillfredstĂ€llande.The Swedish agriculture has in recent years increasingly heading towards a more capital-intensive production. The production units are getting larger and to finance the expansion external capital is required. Lending’s to the Swedish agriculture has doubled under the last eight years. The value of a modern milking facility is dependent of its location and the fact that it only can be used for milking. This means that the resale value of an investment in milk production is low and the hold-up situation makes it difficult to liquidate the business for a farmer who has mortgaged their property to obtain necessary capital. Opposite investments where this problem doesn’t exist, an investment of this nature involves a higher risk, both for the farmer and the financier (the bank). The aim of this study is to highlight a part of the credit assessment process, namely the credit applications content and significance. This is to answer how farmers should formulate their credit applications in the best way to facilitate bank financing for major investments. The study was conducted by 23 credit officers who were asked to consider two hypothetical credit applications each and to answer a questionnaire. In the survey the credit officers were asked what the credit terms would be for the borrower, what impression they got from the applicant and his/her investment and also what they thought about the information given in the credit applications. The credit applications are based on two real cases, two companies who recently had to face new investments in dairy production. The responses of 21 credit officers were analyzed through the theory of asymmetric information. The result of the study shows that a farmer facing a strong budgeted result, by addressing the bank with an application with satisfactory information, can improve their terms for the credit. In contrast not to present this information. If the farmer however is facing an investment with lower budgeted result, more question marks are raised by the credit officer. It means that the credit officer need to demand more information about the farmers’ motives and his/hers personal circumstances, if the information should be considered as satisfactory

    Estrogen Promotes Mandibular Condylar Fibrocartilage Chondrogenesis and Inhibits Degeneration via Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Female Mice

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    Temporomandibular joint degenerative disease (TMJ-DD) is a chronic form of TMJ disorder that specifically afflicts people over the age of 40 and targets women at a higher rate than men. Prevalence of TMJ-DD in this population suggests that estrogen loss plays a role in the disease pathogenesis. Thus, the goal of the present study was to determine the role of estrogen on chondrogenesis and homeostasis via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) during growth and maturity of the joint. Young and mature WT and ERαKO female mice were subjected to ovariectomy procedures and then given placebo or estradiol treatment. The effect of estrogen via ERα on fibrocartilage morphology, matrix production, and protease activity was assessed. In the young mice, estrogen via ERα promoted mandibular condylar fibrocartilage chondrogenesis partly by inhibiting the canonical Wnt signaling pathway through upregulation of sclerostin (Sost). In the mature mice, protease activity was partly inhibited with estrogen treatment via the upregulation and activity of protease inhibitor 15 (Pi15) and alpha-2- macroglobulin (A2m). The results from this work provide a mechanistic understanding of estradiol on TMJ growth and homeostasis and can be utilized for development of therapeutic targets to promote regeneration and inhibit degeneration of the mandibular condylar fibrocartilage.National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research of the National Institutes of Health under Award Numbers R56DE020097 (SW) and F32DE026366 (JR

    ICML 2023 Topological Deep Learning Challenge : Design and Results

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    This paper presents the computational challenge on topological deep learning that was hosted within the ICML 2023 Workshop on Topology and Geometry in Machine Learning. The competition asked participants to provide open-source implementations of topological neural networks from the literature by contributing to the python packages TopoNetX (data processing) and TopoModelX (deep learning). The challenge attracted twenty-eight qualifying submissions in its two-month duration. This paper describes the design of the challenge and summarizes its main findings
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