Indústria farmacêutica

35 p.Este relatório de acompanhamento setorial está focado na indústria farmacêutica, busca em primeiro lugar, destacar suas principais características e tendências mundiais e, em segundo lugar, analisar tanto o desempenho recente quanto as perspectivas e os desafios competitivos a serem enfrentados pela indústria farmacêutica brasileira

Associação entre o California Mastitis Test e a Contagem de Células Somáticas na avaliação da saúde da glândula mamária caprina

The relationship between the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and the somatic cells count (SCC) was studied in milk samples of 68 dairy goats of Anglo Nubian, Brown Alpine and Saanen breeds. The samples were collected twice a month, during seven months and tested by CMT, microbiological culture and SCC. Only milk samples negative in the microbiological examination were considered in the analysis. The results showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between CMT and SCC (r = 0.63), and a negative correlation (p < 0.05) between CMT, SCC and daily milk production (r = -0.27 and r = -0.28). In the association between the CMT and SCC it was obtained a mean of 0.78 x 10(6) cell/ml for the negatives reactions (N, T and 1+) and 5.32 x 10(6) cell/ml for the positive reactions (2+ and 3+). The results showed that in order to avoid the false positives results, other diagnostic test must be done together with CMT test to evaluate the goat milk to detect subclinical infections.A correlação entre os resultados do California Mastitis Test (CMT) e da Contagem de Células Somáticas (CCS) foi estudada em 68 cabras das raças Anglo-Nubiana, Pardo Alpina e Saanen. Os dados foram coletados quinzenalmente, durante sete meses, realizando-se a CCS em amostras de leite bacteriologicamente negativas. Os resultados mostraram uma correlação positiva e significativa (p < 0,05) entre os testes avaliados, com um coeficiente de r = 0,63. Quando os testes foram correlacionados com a produção de leite, observou-se uma correlação negativa e significativa (p < 0,05) de r = -0,27 e r = -0,28 para o CMT e a CCS, respectivamente. Na associação das reações do CMT com a CCS obtiveram-se médias de 0,78 x 10(6) céls/ml para as reações negativas (N, T e 1+) e média de 5,32 x 10(6) céls/ml para as reações positivas (2+ e 3+). Os resultados indicam que, para evitar resultados falso-positivos, outros testes diagnósticos deverão ser usados juntamente com o CMT, para se avaliar a saúde da glândula mamária caprina

Função discriminatória de lógica Fuzzy para avaliação de cabras expostas a ocorrência de verminose quanto à resistência, resiliência ou sensibilidade ao parasitismo

A incidência de verminose é um dos principais obstáculos para a caprinocultura nos trópicos. A variação individual da resposta do animal à enfermidade existe, mas precisa ser determinado o seu componente genético e estabelecer o manejo zootécnico dos rebanhos, priorizando a seleção de animais mais resistente ao parasitismo. Objetivou-se nesse estudo avaliar a resposta de cabras à incidência de verminose sob condições de infecção natural a campo, com informações de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), escore da condição corporal (ECC) e grau de coloração da mucosa conjuntiva (FAMACHA©), recorrendo a utilização de análise de agrupamento e a aplicação de inteligência artificial (IA). Foram utilizadas 3.839 informações de 200 indivíduos em um rebanho experimental de caprinos no Piauí. Considerou-se como resposta ao parasitismo a expressão fenotípica de resistência, sensibilidade e resiliência a verminose, submetidos a três métodos de agrupamento: Ward, Average e K-means, comparado com a lógica Fuzzy, obtidos com o software web CAPRIOVI. Os resultados demonstraram que os grupos de animais resistente, resiliente e sensível ao parasitismo foram estatisticamente distintos (P<0,05). As cabras durante a gestação e o periparto foram identificadas como fases de maior sensibilidade ao parasitismo (P<0,05). O CAPRIOVI aplica a lógica Fuzzy e apresentou o menor percentual de acerto global (77,00%), enquanto os métodos estatísticos tradicionais se destacaram com percentual de acerto global superior a 90,00%, demonstrando excelência estatística com esse fim. Os métodos de agrupamentos apresentaram semelhança na eficiência, mas diferiram quanto à distribuição de animais por agrupamento, com tendência de maior quantidade na categoria resistente. A aplicação da lógica Fuzzy contornou essa limitação ao direcionar a formação dos grupos visando atender o interesse do produtor, inserindo consistência em termos de resposta dos animais a verminose, qualificando o software com potencial para adequação ao manejo sanitário de caprinos. Palavras-chave: análise descriminante; condição corporal; FAMACHA©; inteligência artificia

Validação de um subconjunto de SNPs específicos para certificação racial de ovinos no Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilidade de um subconjunto de 18 polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) para a certificação das raças de ovinos Crioula Brasileira, Morada Nova (MN) e Santa Inês (SI). Dados de 588 animais foram analisados com o programa Structure. Em 82% dos casos, observou-se designação racial correta com confiança acima de 90%. A maioria dos casos de designação incorreta de raça foi observada em MN e SI. Portanto, apesar de o subconjunto de 18 SNPs ter confiabilidade elevada, ele não é suficiente para a inequívoca certificação das raças estudadas, principalmente das deslanadas. É necessário o desenvolvimento de um painel mais preciso para uso amplo em certificação racial.The objective of this work was to evaluate the usefulness of a subset of 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for breed identification of Brazilian Crioula, Morada Nova (MN), and Santa Inês (SI) sheep. Data of 588 animals were analyzed with the Structure software. Assignments higher than 90% confidence were observed in 82% of the studied samples. Most of the low-value assignments were observed in MN and SI breeds. Therefore, although there is a high reliability in this subset of 18 SNPs, it is not enough for an unequivocal assignment of the studied breeds, mainly of hair breeds. A more precise panel still needs to be developed for the widespread use in breed assignment

Pediatric tuberculosis in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro

Aim: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, diagnostic approach, and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) in children living in a high-burden metropolitan area. Methods: This was a retrospective study, based on a medical chart review, involving children under 15 years old treated for TB between 2007 and 2016, in four primary health units (PHU) and three reference centers (RC) in five cities of Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area. Factors associated with TB treatment setting, microbiological diagnosis, and treatment outcomes were evaluated. Results: A total of 544 children were enrolled; 71% were treated in PHU, 36% were under 5 years old, and 72% had pulmonary TB (PTB). The HIV prevalence was 10% (31/322). Fifty-three percent had at least one microbiological test for TB, 68% of them (196/287) had TB confirmed. Among 222 children with previous TB contact, information on LTBI was available for 78 (35%), and only 17% (13/78) were treated. Extrapulmonary TB (56% vs 32%), microbiologically confirmed TB (77% vs 60%), and HIV positivity (18.5% vs 4.0%) were significantly more frequent in RC. Treatment in RC (odds ratio (OR) 3.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.74–5.44) and PTB (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.34–4.56) were independently associated with a microbiological diagnosis of TB. The treatment success rate was 85%. In the logistic regression analysis, HIV-infected children had a 2.5-fold higher risk of an unfavorable outcome (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.0–6.38; p = 0.05). Conclusions: Opportunities for TB prevention and early TB treatment are missed due to suboptimal close contact screening. Microbiological diagnosis of TB and drug susceptibility testing in children should be made available through more sensitive and accessible tests

Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children and adolescents: comparison of two versions of the Brazilian Ministry of Health scoring system

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance between two versions of the scoring system (2011 and 2019), recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in children and adolescents. A retrospective descriptive study was performed to assess the medical records of children and adolescents with PTB, in TB units from Brazilian cities located in Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and Parana States, from January 1st, 2004, to December 1st, 2018. Patients aged 0 to 18 years old with a diagnosis of PTB were included. The comparison between the two scoring systems showed a moderate concordance according to the κ coefficient value = 0.625. Fourteen patients showed a reduction in the TB score, going from 30 points in the 2011, to 25 points or less in the 2019 one. Seventy one percent of these 14 patients had radiological changes suggestive of PTB and 86% had tuberculin skin tests greater than 10 mm. The study concluded that a moderate agreement was observed between the 2011 and 2019 scoring systems, with an increase in the number of patients scoring 25 points or less in 2019, which can eventually hinder the diagnosis of PTB

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio