Late phase inhibition of murine cytomegalovirus replication by synergistic action of interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor

We have shown previously that the antiviral function of CD4+ T lymphocytes against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is associated with the release of interferon- (IFN-). We now demonstrate that IFN- and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) display synergism in their antiviral activity. As little as 2 ng/ml of IFN- and TNF- reduced the virus yield by about three orders of magnitude. There was no effect on immediate early (IE) and early (E) gene expression as far as the candidate genes IE1, E1 and those encoding the major DNA-binding protein and the DNA polymerase were concerned. Late gene transcription, assayed by the candidate genes encoding glycoprotein B and the MCMV homologue of ICP 18.5, was blocked and MCMV DNA replication was found to be reduced but not halted. The most prominent finding of the cytokine effect, seen by electron microscopy, was an alteration of nucleocapsid formation. Altogether, the synergism is multifaceted and acts at more than one stage during viral morphogenesis. Because the cytokines clearly do not act at an early stage of infection we conclude that the mode of cytokine activity differs between alpha- and betaherpesviruses

Von der Öffentlichkeit des Privaten zu den individuellen Formen familialen Zusammenlebens. Aspekte für eine evangelische Ethik der Familie

The article starts with a review about the current public debate on the crisis of family. In the author‘s perspektive this debate is motivated less by the hard facts about the situation of family in the current western societies - although there are many changes - but rather it indicates a changing correlation between a >>private>public>crisis of family<< by the detractors of modernity. In contrast, it is the author‘s position to take this developments as a chance - especially in a protestant perspective. At the end, the article stetches the basic framework of such a concept of famil

The myth of the first victim: the impact of Austria’s official narrative on Jewish identity reconstruction

After the constitution of the Second Republic, on April 27, 1945 (at the same time as Germany was being held responsible for crimes of genocide) Austria adopted the role of victim of the nazi regime – which was actually an attribute formally stated in the Moscow Declaration of November 1, 1943 that considered Austria the first free country to be stricken by Adolf Hitler’s hegemonic policy when it was annexed in March 1938. This perception, this imagined national narrative would last four decades. It would only be in 1986, as a consequence of the “Waldheim affair”, that the crystallized official narrative that Austria was Hitler’s first victim started to be questioned. The acknowledgement that elected President Kurt Waldheim had been an SS Officer during the national-socialist regime generated a major political scandal. This confrontation with the past and the assumption that Waldheim had only “fulfilled his duty” led to an in-depth reflection about Austria’s co-participation in the nazi crimes and moved a group of young Austrian intellectuals towards political and social participation. Amongst others, Robert Schindel, Robert Menasse, Ruth Beckermann and Doron Rabinovici are some prominent intellectuals who have intervened by breaking the silence about anti-Semitism and deconstructing the self-victimizing myth of the nation. The question of the Austrian myth is particularly relevant when linked with the topic of Jewish self-reconstruction in the aftermath of the war. For the majority of the Jewish Diaspora the Holocaust became the central aspect of Jewish self-perception; it was the event that provided them with a sense of belonging to a wide community of victims. This wasn’t the case of Austrian Jews though; Austria denied Jews their especial status of victims of the NS regime, having therefore denied them the affirmative definition of the subject as a member of a specific community

German Youth in the Purgatory of Nazi Bondage

This essay discusses the means of bonding and exploitation employed by the National Socialist (Nazi) movement to achieve the extreme ethnic national devotion of young Germans. The discourse includes aspects of youth consciousness prior to, during, and after Hitler’s rise to power within political, economic, cultural and ideological frameworks. The results indicate that Nazi influence capitalized on youth perceptions of society during the rapid rise of modernity, the ramifications of the post-WWI political arena, and the subsequent waves of destabilizing economic phenomena. Central to Hitler’s control was a systematic employment of manipulation and propaganda. By tapping into and distorting youth psychology, the cult-like power of the Nazis permeated the thoughts and actions of millions of Germans. Disturbing echoes of such mind control are reflected in a contemporary problem whereby unbridled strategies of privileged forces possess unparalleled access and ability to again threaten individual liberty at a grand scale.Peer reviewe

The teaser - a multifunctional text-type

Die Arbeit untersucht die für den Online-Journalismus typischen, kurzen Ankündungstexte auf den Startseiten ausgewählter, deutschen Online-Zeitungen. Außerdem wird die Ankündigung als mediales Prinzip untersucht, der Teaser in seinen Funktionen beschrieben. Schließlich wird ein Korpus von Teasern unter syntaktischen und stilistischen Aspekten untersucht. Im Ergebnis wird die Textsorte als ausgereift und variantenreich bewertet. Die verschiedenen Textfunktionen wie Orientierung, Information, Lesemotivation werden sprach- stilistisch gezielt unterstützt: lexikalisch z.B durch Eigennamen oder Augenblickskomposita. Syntaktisch konnten interessante Einzelphänomene wie die Steigerung der Satz-Rhythmik durch Ellipsen oder die Ausgliederung von Satzteilen beobachtet werden.This work examines the short typical text-type in Online-Journalism: the teaser. It is found especially on the homepages of online newspapers. The author looks for announcing as a media principle and describes the Teaser in his basic functions. Finally a collection of teasers is evaluated under syntactic and stylistic aspects. In the result the text-type turned out rich in variations. Different text functions like orientation, information, reading motivation are supported straight: e.g. lexical by proper names. Looking on the syntactic structure interesting single phenomena could be observed like the increase of the rhythm of a sentence by ellipses

A dicotomia nacional / estrangeiro na arquitetura portuguesa da primeira metade do século XX: o papel da Exposição do Mundo Português

Coleção: Teatro do mundo, vol. 11Este trabalho tem o apoio financeiro do Projeto Lab2PT- Laboratório de Paisagens, Património e Território - AUR/04509 e da FCT através de fundos nacionais e quando aplicável do cofinanciamento do FEDER, no âmbito dos novos acordos de parceria PT2020 e COMPETE 2020 – POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007528