KIVFA-1 Prevalensi Japanese Encephalitis pada Ternak Babi di Beberapa Lokasi Peternakan di Sulawesi Utara

Japanese encephalitis adalah penyakit viral zoonotik yang ditularkan oleh nyamuk.  Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh arbovirus (arthropod borne virus) yaitu dari famili Flavivirus yang menyerang susunan sayaraf pusat (Central Nervus System).  Di alam, virus ini dapat bertahan hidup dalam tubuh unggas liar (seperti pada bangsa burung bangau) dan juga hewan-hewan lainnya, terutama pada hewan babi.  Infeksi pada manusia, virus tersebut dapat menyebabkan penyakit syaraf yang serius.  Gejala umum penyakit tersebut antara lain seperti: sakit kepala, demam tinggi, leher terasa kaku (kaku kuduk), pergerakan yang tidak normal (tremor dan kejang-kejang pada anak-anak), mengganggu kesadaran dan koma.  Tingkat keparahan (Case Fatality Rate) dari penyakit ini berkisar 20% - 40%. (Anonim, 2006).Virus J. encephalitis adalah virus yang dikelompokkan ke dalam Arbovirus (Arthropod Borne Virus) tipe B, sehingga sering disebut sebagai penyakit Japanese B Encephalitis.  Nama virus ini adalah Flavivirus encephalitis.  Selain menyerang manusia, virus ini dapat menyerang pada kelompok ternak seperti: kuda, keledai dan babi.  Pada kelompok hewan lainnya, virus inipun dapat menyerang, seperti: sapi, kambing, kucing dan anjing, namun dengan gejala penyakit yang tidak spesifikAgen penyakit J. encephalitis dapat disebarkan melalui gigitan nyamuk yang terinfeksi sebagai vektor.  Pada ternak babi yang terinfeksi, virus ini akan menyebar ke seluruh tubuh melalui peredaran darah (viremia) dalam kadar yang tinggi dan dalam waktu yang relatif lama.  Oleh sebab itu, ternak babi merupakan hewan reservoir (Amplify Host) yang penting bagi penyebaran penyakit ini (Anonimous, 2011).  Manusia merupakan dead-end bagi penularan virus J. encephalitis, karena viremia yang terjadi cepat dalam peredaran darah.  Viremia pada penderita hanya beberapa jam saja sehingga sulit ditularkan ke orang lain.  Siklus pemularan yang penting untuk suatu tingkat endemisitas suatu daerah adalah siklus penularan di hewan terutama pada babi yang didukung oleh populasi nyamuk sebagai vektor penyakit J. encephalitis. Beberapa penelitian berhasil menunjukkan bahwa babi dianggap sebagai reservoir utama penularan virus Japanese di Indonesia,Tidak adanya gejala klinis yang khas dari penyakit J. encephalitis pada hewan. diagnosa sulit dilakukan, sehingga pemeriksaan laboratorium terhadap penyakit J. encephalitis mutlak diperlukan (Sendow dkk., 2000).  Pemeriksaan laboratorium yang dapat dilakukan meliputi pemeriksaan serologis, seperti uji inhibisi haemaglutinasi, netralisasi serum atau ELISA.  Untuk mendeteksi adanya antibodi yang ditimbulkan oleh infeksi alami virus J. encephalitis, maka metode ELISA merupakan salah satu uji spesifik yang dapat dipakai sebagai diagnosa serologis terhadap adanya antibodi J. encephalitis (Hadi dkk, 2011).Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyebaran, prevalensi dan besarnya angka infeksi virus J. encephalitis pada ternak babi dengan mendeteksi adanya antibody J. encephalitis menggunakan uji Competitve Enzyme Lingked Immuno Assay (C-ELISA).  Dengan diketahuinya penyebaran infeksi virus J. encephalitis pada babi di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, secara tidak langsung bisa dijadikan sebagai indikator kemungkinan adanya ancaman penularan virus J. encephalitis ke manusia, apalagi bila lokasi peternakan babi berdekatan dengan pemukiman penduduk.Penelitian dilaksanakan pada 4 (empat) lokasi kandang di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, dengan mendeteksi adanya antibodi yang ditimbulkan oleh infeksi alami virus J. encephalitis

KUALITAS SEMEN SAPI PEJANTAN SIMMENTAL DAN LIMOUSIN YANG DIPELIHARA DALAM TIPE KANDANG YANG BERBEDA DI BALAI INSEMINASI BUATAN LEMBANG

SEMEN QUALITY OF LIMOUSIN AND SIMMENTAL BULLS MAINTAINED IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF PENS AT THE INSTITUTION OF LEMBANG ARTIFICIAL. The intensive maintenance of bulls included animal house and pens protecting animals against sunlight, cool effect, rain, high speed of win and other predators. Objective of this study was to evaluate effects of single bull in a pen (SB) and double bulls in a pen (DB) on semen quality of Limousin and Simmental bulls at the Institution of Lembang Artificial Insemination in West Java. Primer and secondary data of both bulls reproduction were used in this study and analyzed by t test method. Results showed that average volume of semen in both bulls of Limousin and Simmental under SB (9.54 ± 2.19 mL/ejaculation) was significantly higher of 7.67 percents than those of bulls under DB (8.86 ± 1.79 mL/ejaculation). The average of percentage of spermatozoa motility in both bulls of Limousin and Simmental under DB (71.00 ± 2.67) was not significantly differ with those of bulls under SB (70.10 ± 2.37). The average of spermatozoa mass movement in both bulls of Limousin and Simmental under SB (1.84 ± 0.37) was significantly more aggressive of 5.43 percents than those of bulls under DB (1.94 ± 0.24). Finally, the average of pH of semen in both bulls of Limousin and Simmental under SB (6.66 ± 0.11) was not significantly differ with those of bulls under DB (6.64 ± 0.10). Correlation between reproduction variables of both Limousinand Simmental bulls in SB and DB was not correlated between one and another variables indicated by correlation values ranging from -0.29 to 0.18. Based of the result of study can be concluded that semen quality of Limousin and Simental in single pen was better than that in double pens. The correlations among reproductive veriables of Limousin and Simmental in both sigle and double pens had no correlation between one and another variable. Keyword: Type of Pen, Semen Quality, Simmental Bull, Limousin Bull

UPAYA PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN PETERNAK BABI TERHADAP PENYAKIT HOG CHOLERA DI KELURAHAN KALASEY SATU KECAMATAN MANDOLANG KABUPATEN MINAHASA PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA

Target utama dalam pelaksanaan kemitraan kepada masyarakat yang berhubungan dengan kejadian penyakit Hog Cholera pada ternak babi yaitu meningkatkan pengetahuan peternak babi sebagai acuan untuk pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit Hog Cholera. Selanjutnya tujuan pelaksanaan kemitraan kepada masyarakat ini, diharapkan peternak dapat memahami tentang penyakit Hog Cholera, pencegahan dan tindakan berhubungan dengan kejadian penyakit tersebut di Kelurahan Kalasey Satu Kecamatan Mandolang, di mana peternakan babi yang ada di wilayah ini sangat berdekatan dengan pemukiman. Peternak babi bisa memperoleh 3 hal antara lain: (1) memahami tentang gejala klinis penyakit Hog Cholera; (2) Peternak mengetahui tentang pencegahan penyakit tersebut; dan (3) Peternak dapat mengetahui tindakan yang dapat dilakukan jika kasus penyakit tersebut menyerang ternaknya. Dengan demikian, faktor kesehatan ternak dan kontrol penyakit dalam manajemen pemeliharaan ternak babi dapat dilakukan yang menentukan keberhasilan usaha pengembangan ternak babi.___________________________________________________________________________Kata kunci: Babi, Hog Cholera, pengetahua

the Effect of Stimulus Cutaneous Slow Stroke Back Massage to Beta Endorphin Levels and Blood Pressure Changes Among Pregnant Women With Preeclampsia in Demak, Indonesia

Eclampsia caused 50,000 deaths annually worldwide and counted for 10% of total maternal deaths. This study aims to determine the stimulus effects of stimulus cutaneous slow stroke back massage to Beta Endorphin levels and blood pressure changes of pregnant women with preeclampsia in Demak. This was a quasi-experimental research study design with one group pre and post-test design. This study used a treatment group of 15 pregnant women with mild pre-eclampsia. Stimulus cutaneous slow stroke back massage affects Beta Endorphin levels of pregnant women with mild preeclampsia by increasing Beta Endorphin levels of 0.9816 ng/ml. The treatment also has a positive effect to blood pressure, with 21.0 mmHg reduction in systolic and a decrease of 15.7 mmHg of diastolic after the intervention.This study suggests, therapy stimulus cutaneous slow stroke back massage can be used as an alternative for blood pressure management of pregnant women.

Molecular detection of a novel paramyxovirus in fruit bats from Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Fruit bats are known to harbor zoonotic paramyxoviruses including Nipah, Hendra, and Menangle viruses. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of paramyxovirus RNA in fruit bats from Indonesia. METHODS: RNA samples were obtained from the spleens of 110 fruit bats collected from four locations in Indonesia. All samples were screened by semi-nested broad spectrum reverse transcription PCR targeting the paramyxovirus polymerase (L) genes. RESULTS: Semi-nested reverse transcription PCR detected five previously unidentified paramyxoviruses from six fruit bats. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these virus sequences were related to henipavirus or rubulavirus. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates the presence of novel paramyxoviruses among fruit bat populations in Indonesia

PENGARUH FALSE MOUNTING TERHADAP KUALITAS SEMEN SAPI LIMOUSIN DAN SIMMENTAL DI BALAI INSEMINASI BUATAN LEMBANG

THE EFFECT OF FALSE MOUNTING ON SEMEN QUALITY OF LIMOUSIN AND SIMMENTAL BULL IN LEMBANG ARTIFICAL INSEMINATION CENTER. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of false mounting on the quality of Limosin and Simental bull semen at the Lembang Artificial Insemination Center. The 55 individu of Limousin and 55 Simmental bull aging 5-9 years old have been used in thos study. The data have been collected directly in the Artificial Insemination Center Lembang - West Java Province. The data obtained in the form of macroscopic and microscopic observations on Limousin and Simmental bull include volume, pH, mass movement, spermatozoa motility and spermatozoa concentration. Data were analyzed descriptively by calculating the standard deviations, correlations coefficients and the T test. The variables measured in this study were macroscopic and microscopic quality of semen. The results of this study indicate that the effect of false mounting on the average semen volume of Limousin and Simmental bull is maximum at 3, 4, and 5 times false mounting but there was not significantly difference between the amount of false mounting, as well as the average volume, pH, mass movement, motility of spemetozoa and concentration spermatozoa are not significantly different. It was concluded that false mounting in Limousin and Simmental bulls in Lembang Artificial Insemination Center had no significantly effect on the quality of macroscopic and microscopic semen. Keywords: False Mounting, Cement Quality, Limousin Cattle, Simmental Cows

The Effect of Red Ginger Extract on Reduced Hormone Levels of Prostaglandin and Menstrual Pain Score in Adolescents with Dysmenorrhea

Background: Dysmenorrhea (pain during menstruation) causes adolescents to experience restrictions on daily activities such as decreased learning concentration and increased absenteeism. One way to handle dysmenorrhea is to use herbal remedies that are red ginger.Objective: To determine the effect of the red ginger extract on prostaglandin hormone levels and menstrual pain score in the adolescent with dysmenorrhea.Methods:The design of this study used quasi experiments with a pretest-posttest control group design. With a simple random sampling technique, 36 students were selected from the population, consisting of 18 students in the treatment group given red ginger extract with a dose of 1.5 grams/capsule, 3x1 daily and 18 students in the control group given mefenamic acid with a dose of 500 mg/capsule 3x1 daily during first and second menstrual period. Data analysis with paired t test and independent sample t test.Results: red ginger extract and mefenamic acid significantly reduced prostaglandin hormone levels and menstrual pain scale, and by comparing two interventions, mefenamic acid may decrease prostaglandin hormone levels greater than red ginger extract, 177.35 pg/ml for Mefenamic acid and 124.55 pg/ml for red ginger. Conclusion: red ginger extract can be used as an alternative intervention in treatment of adolescents with dysmenorrhe

Isolation and characterization of a novel alphaherpesvirus in fruit bats.

Bats are known to harbor emerging RNA viruses. Recent studies have used high-throughput sequencing technology to identify various virus species, including DNA viruses that are harbored by bats; however, little is known about the nature of these potentially novel viruses. Here, we report the characterization of a novel herpesvirus isolated from an Indonesian pteropodid bat. The virus, tentatively named fruit bat alphaherpesvirus 1 (FBAHV1), has a double-stranded DNA genome of 149,459 bp. The phylogenetic analyses suggested that FBAHV1 is phylogenetically grouped with simplexviruses within the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. Inoculation of FBAHV1 into laboratory mice caused a lethal infection. Virus infection was observed in lung, liver, and brain tissue. Serological and PCR screening revealed that fruit bats infected with FBAHV1 or its related virus are widely distributed in Indonesia. The identification of FBAHV1 makes a considerable contribution to our understanding of simplexviruses associated with bats

Detection of coronavirus genomes in Moluccan naked-backed fruit bats in Indonesia

Bats have been shown to serve as natural reservoirs for numerous emerging viruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In the present study, we report the discovery of bat CoV genes in Indonesian Moluccan naked-backed fruit bats (Dobsonia moluccensis). A partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequence was detected in feces and tissues samples from the fruit bats, and the region between the RdRp and helicase genes could also be amplified from fecal samples. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that these bat CoVs are related to members of the genus Betacoronavirus