Trend Analysis of Teenage Pregnancy in Nigeria (1961-2013): How Effective is the Contraceptive Use Campaign

Teenage pregnancy (TP) is a recurrent global and public health problem. It poses both social and health challenges. Considering the massive campaign on the use of modern contraceptives to prevent TP in recent decades, we assessed trends in TP in Nigeria between 1961 and 2013. Pregnancy and contraception history of 70,811 women who were at least 20 years old when the Nigerian DHS was conducted in 1990, 2003, 2008, and 2013 respectively were used for the study, and descriptive statistics, time analysis techniques and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the data at 5% significance level. The overall prevalence of TP between 1961 and 2013 was 49.5% which fluctuated insignificantly during the studied period. The TP prevalence among women who entered adulthood in 1961 was 39.2%; it peaked in 1978 at 58.9% before its unsteady decline to 39.6% in 2012, and then rose sharply to 55.6% in 2013. We predicted TP prevalence as 49.0%, 49.9% and 51.0% in 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. The odds of TP were over 4 times higher in the North East and 5 times higher in the North West than in the South West. Teenagers with no education had higher odds of TP and it was higher among teenagers from the poorest households (OR=5.64, 95% CI: 5.36-5.94). Rather than reducing with the worldwide acknowledged increase in contraceptive campaigns, TP increased over the years studied. As far as TP is concerned in Nigeria, the impact of the campaign on MC use is far from being effective. To achieve the objective of fewer TPs, fewer resources should be spent on access to contraception and instead diverted to areas more likely to achieve results such as improvements in educational achievement amongst girls

Cestodes in fish from a pond at Ile-Ife, Nigeria

The Farm Pond, University of Ife, was impounded by the construction of a dam, below the confluence of two small streams, between March and July, 1967. The pond is located at an altitude of 122.4 m. 0.D., its outline is an indented trapezium occupying 445 dkrn' at maximum fill. Natural food is fed into the pond by its two inlets, and the pond is often coloured a darkish brown due to the abundance of plankton. In 1969, on the recommendation by the Fishery Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ibadan, about four standard head-pans of poultry droppings per 40 dkm2 per month were spread uniformly over the pond during 1969 and 1970. Also four pounds of triple superphosphate per acre per month were spread for a period of six months. The pond was drained a number of times in 1970. However, the lowest average level of 1.37 m was recorded in April, 1970, before drainage began; and the maximum depth of 5.7 m was recorded in September and October, 1970

What is the link between malaria prevention in pregnancy and neonatal survival in Nigeria?

Neonatal mortality has been recognized as a global public health challenge and Nigeria has the highest prevalence in Africa. Malaria during pregnancy jeopardizes neonatal survival through placental parasitaemia, maternal anaemia, and low birth weight. This study investigated association between the malaria prevention in pregnancy and neonatal survival using a nationally representative data - Nigeria Demographic Health Survey 2013. Child recode data was used and the outcome variable was neonatal death. The main independent variables were the use of at least 2 doses of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPT-SP) and proportion of pregnant women who reported Insecticide Treated Net (ITN) use the night before the survey. Data were analyzed using Pearson Chi-square (x 2 ) test of association and survival analysis techniques. Total neonatal mortality rate was 38 per1000 live births. Cox proportional hazard model showed that low birth weight (HR 1.49, 95% CI (1.15 – 1.93 p=0.003) and adequate number of ANC visits (≥ 4 visits) (HR 0.68, 95% CI (0.53 – 0.93) were associated with neonatal survival. The use of at least 2 doses of IPT-SP was not an independent factor for neonatal survival (HR 0.72, 95% CI (0.53 – 1.15). Malaria prevention in pregnancy is crucial for neonatal survival through the prevention of low birth weight. Keywords: Malaria Prevention, Pregnancy, Intermittent Preventive Treatment in pregnancy with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Insecticide Treated Net, Neonatal Mortality, Nigeria La mortalité néonatale a été reconnue comme un problème de santé publique mondial et le Nigéria connait la prévalence la plus élevée d'Afrique. Le paludisme pendant la grossesse compromet la survie néonatale par la parasitémie placentaire, l'anémie maternelle et l'insuffisance pondérale à la naissance. Cette étude a examiné l'association entre la prévention du paludisme pendant la grossesse et la survie néonatale à l'aide de données représentatives au niveau national - Enquête démographique sur la santé au Nigéria de 2013. Les données de recodage des enfants ont été utilisées. Les principales variables indépendantes étaient l'utilisation d'au moins 2 doses de traitement préventif intermittent pendant la grossesse par la sulfadoxine-pyriméthamine (IPTSP) et la proportion de femmes enceintes qui avaient déclaré avoir utilisé une moustiquaire imprégnée d'insecticide (MII) la nuit précédant l'enquête. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide du test de Pearson sur le chi carré (x2 ) des techniques d'analyse d'association et de survie. Le taux de mortalité néonatale total était de 38 pour 1 000 naissances vivantes. Le modèle de risque proportionnel de Cox a montré qu'un faible poids à la naissance (HR 1,49, IC à 95% (1,15 - 1,93 p = 0,003) et un nombre adéquat de visites ANC (≥ 4 visites) (HR 0,68, IC à 95% (0,53 - 0,93) étaient associés `a la survie néonatale. L‘utilisation d‘au moins deux doses d‘IPT-SP n‘est pas un facteur indépendant de la survie néonatale (HR 0,72, IC à 95% (0,53 - 1,15). La prévention du paludisme pendant la grossesse est cruciale pour la survie néonatale à travers la prévention du faible poids à la naissance.Mots-clés: Prévention du paludisme, grossesse, traitement préventif intermittent par la sulfadoxine-pyriméthamine pendant la grossesse, moustiquaire imprégnée d'insecticide, mortalité néonatale, Nigéria

The antiviral activity of leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehn) and Eucalyptus torelliana (R. Muell)

Human enteroviruses are the major cause of aseptic meningitis and are resistant to all known antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. Methanolic extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus torelliana were tested on human enteroviruses: Poliovirus type I, Coxsackievirus B and Echovirus 6. The virucidal tests showed that the crude extracts were active on the test viruses: poliovirus type 1, coxsackievirus B and echovirus 6 giving a neutralization index of one log and above. The cytotoxicity assay of the crude extracts to L20B (a genetically engineered mouse cell line) and human rhabdomyo sarcoma (RD) cells showed that the extract of E. torelliana was more toxic than the extract of E. camaldulensis. The antiviral study showed that the extract of E. torelliana was more active than that of E. camaldulensis

Science and Technology Teacher’S Level of Awareness of Nigeria’S ICT Initiatives for Teaching

The study looked at the list of Nigeria’s ICT initiatives and attempted to find out whether science and technology teachers (STTs) are aware of the existence of these initiatives that are available in Nigeria for teaching and research. It further looked into the constraints and hindrances to STTs’ awareness of the ICT initiatives. One research instrument was used in the study. A questionnaire was administered on STTs. STTs’ questionnaire was structured along the line of teaching and research. It featured questions on respondent’s personal data, establishment information and respondents’ awareness of Nigeria’s ICT initiatives. Some of the major findings were that none of Nigeria’s ICT initiatives within the last twelve years (2000 – 2011) was specifically or exclusively designed or implemented for STTs. The results of the mean response analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and frequency of responses indicated that there was significant difference in STTs’ opinions pertaining to eight of Nigeria’s ICT initiatives regarding their awareness of the initiatives. The implications of these findings for science and technology programmes and STTs were indicated. It is therefore suggested that Nigeria’s ICT initiatives awareness campaign should be mounted for STTs and the challenges identified in the study should be address urgently. Keywords: ICT Initiatives, Science and Technology Teachers, Awareness

The Effects of Interactive Multimedia on English Language Pronunciation Performance of Pulils in the Nigerian Primary Schools

This paper presents a research carried out to x-ray the effects of using interactive multimedia on the English language pronunciation performance of pupils in the Nigerian primary School. The simple observation technique and a well-structured questionnaire were used coupled with class test to show whether the effect is negative or positive. Pupils from grade one to grade five were randomly selected and all the class teachers responded appropriately to the questionnaires administered to them. A well-structured formative test was also given to the pupils in order to ascertain the status of effect and the level of impact of interactive digital multimedia on English Language pronunciation performance of pupils.  This paper illustrates that adopting the interactive multimedia technology in education makes it possible to achieve effective teaching and training in multiple domains which was not possible in the traditional text based environment. Keywords: Interactive digital multimedia, English language pronunciation, performance

Trend analysis of teenage pregnancy in Nigeria (1961-2013): how effective is the contraceptive use campaign

Teenage pregnancy (TP) is a recurrent global and public health problem. It poses both social and health challenges. Considering the massive campaign on the use of modern contraceptives to prevent TP in recent decades, we assessed trends in TP in Nigeria between 1961 and 2013. Pregnancy and contraception history of 70,811 women who were at least 20 years old when the Nigerian DHS was conducted in 1990, 2003, 2008, and 2013 respectively were used for the study, and descriptive statistics, time analysis techniques and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the data at 5% significance level. The overall prevalence of TP between 1961 and 2013 was 49.5% which fluctuated insignificantly during the studied period. The TP prevalence among women who entered adulthood in 1961 was 39.2%; it peaked in 1978 at 58.9% before its unsteady decline to 39.6% in 2012, and then rose sharply to 55.6% in 2013. We predicted TP prevalence as 49.0%, 49.9% and 51.0% in 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. The odds of TP were over 4 times higher in the North East and 5 times higher in the North West than in the South West. Teenagers with no education had higher odds of TP and it was higher among teenagers from the poorest households (OR=5.64, 95% CI: 5.36-5.94). Rather than reducing with the worldwide acknowledged increase in contraceptive campaigns, TP increased over the years studied. As far as TP is concerned in Nigeria, the impact of the campaign on MC use is far from being effective. To achieve the objective of fewer TPs, fewer resources should be spent on access to contraception and instead diverted to areas more likely to achieve results such as improvements in educational achievement amongst girls

Paediatric endoscopy in Nigeria humble beginning

Introduction: Paediatric gastroenterology has become an established subspecialty in the last five decades in developed and some developing countries. Endoscopy is the cornerstone of this sub-specialty. In Nigeria, it is still at its infancy stage, though with increasing local interest. This is a report of the first Paediatric Endoscopy Workshop in Nigeria organized as a pre -conference by the Paediatric Association of Nigeria (PAN) and the Nigerian Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NISPGHAN).Aim: The aim of the conference was to promote and create awareness on paediatric gastroenterology as a subspecialty and introduce participants to the practice of paediatric endoscopy.Method: This was a two day preconference workshop. Paediatricians, paediatric resisdents and nurses were in attendance. One International and three National resource persons were on ground to impart the needed knowledge and skills. Training involved didactic lectures, hands-on sessions using manikins and three live sessions involving the upper gastrointestinal tract.Results: There were 40 attendees on day 1: 22 (55%) paediatric residents, 12 (30%) consultant paediatricians and six (15%) nurses. Day 2: 22 (52%) paediatric residents, 12 (29%) consultant paediatricians and eight (19%) nurses. Three children (two females and one male) had upper GI endoscopy (with biopsy done in two cases) during the pre-conference workshop as live sessions. They were aged eight, nine and 16 years. Indications for endoscopy were recurrent haematemesis in an eight year old female patient and recurrent upper abdominal pain in the other two patients (a male and a female). Gastritis was found in the two patients and this was confirmed histologically in one of the patients.Conclusion: The training stirred up participant’s interest in this subspecialty of paediatrics. It brought to fore the need for paediatric endoscopy to be developed in Nigeria. The procedure should be performed at tertiary centres at this stage of our development and the cost of it covered by the National Health Insurance Scheme. Four training centres to aid interested paediatricians and paediatric trained nurses acquire the needed skills are recommended.Keywords: Paediatric endoscopy, Calabar, Nigeria

The Gamma log-logistic Weibull distribution: model, properties and application

In this paper, a new generalized distribution called the gamma log-logistic Weibull (GLLoGW) distribution is proposed and studied. The GLLoGW distribution include the gamma log-logistic, gamma log-logistic Rayleigh, gamma log logistic exponential, log-logistic Weibull, log-logistic Rayleigh, log-logistic exponential, log-logistic as well as other special cases as sub-models. Some mathematical properties of the new distribution including moments, conditional moments, mean and median deviations, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves, distribution of the order statistics and R\'enyi entropy are derived. Maximum likelihood estimation technique is used to estimate the model parameters. A Monte Carlo simulation study to examine the bias and mean square error of the maximum likelihood estimators is presented and an application to real dataset to illustrate the usefulness of the model is given