Pragmatism, Holism, and the Concept of Law

When discussing O. W. Holmes’s answer to the question What constitutes the law? Morton White underlines the fact that Holmes’s inquiry didn’t focus on developing the concept of law. White states: ‘...Holmes said little in The Path of the Law about the notion of legal authority, perhaps because he was interested not in what he called a “useless quintessence of all legal systems” but in “an accurate anatomy of one”’. Such ambition (or lack of ambition) is characteristic of many pragmatic enterprises in the field of jurisprudence. However, sometimes the opposition between legal pragmatism and other legal theories is built upon a reference to the notion of the ‘nature’ or ‘essence’ of law. Many legal philosophers who aim to reveal the very ‘nature of law’ (or ‘the concept of law’ as H. L. A. Hart did) try to interpret Holmes and other pragmatists as offering a competitive view to their own. I will follow White’s early intuition that such a construal of the controversy is simply wrong. Afterwards I will sketch a portrait of legal pragmatism in the context of White’s own inquiry and his version of ‘holistic pragmatism’; thirdly, I will present in brief the main reasons for exploring the concept of law in the contemporary analytic philosophy of law. Then I will show that traditionally ‘pragmatic’ and ‘analytic’ efforts in legal theory are situated on different levels of generality and conceptuality. However, these efforts can be, at least to some extent, reordered under the aegis of holistic pragmatism

Reduction of harvest losses in mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit using improved harvesting methods

An experiment was conducted in a private orchard, located along the Blue Nile bank at Hantoub, Gezira State during the seasons of 2007 and 2008, to investigate the effect of improved harvesting methods on reducing physical injury during harvesting of mango fruits of selected cultivars viz. Kitchener (Baladi), Alphonso, Timour, Abu Samaka and Gulbeltour. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications. Cultivars were assigned to the main plots and harvesting methods to the subplots. The harvesting methods consisted of a ladder, a modified picking pole (MPP), a straw mattress (SM) and the traditional picking pole (control). The ladder harvesting method resulted in the lowest percentage (4.4%) of physical injury followed by the modified picking pole (16.0%) and the straw mattress (29.5%), while the traditional picking pole resulted in the highest percentage (53.1%) of physical injury. The cultivar Gulbeltour and Abu Samaka showed the highest percentage of physical injury, while Timour showed the lowest. Both the ladder and the modified picking pole harvesting methods took the longest time (44 minutes) to harvest one hundred mango fruits followed by the straw mattress (19 minutes) and then the traditional method (10 minutes). The cultivars Alphonse, Kitchener and Timour required less time to harvest one hundred fruits, while Gulbeltour and Abu Samaka required more time.      أجريت هذه التجربة في مزرعة خاصة للفاكهة على شاطئ النيل الأزرق بحنتوب ، ولاية الجزيرة في موسمي (2007 و2008) بغرض استخدام بعض طرق الحصاد المحسنة لتقليل الأضرار الميكانيكية التي تحدث لثمار المانجو أثناء الحصاد. استخدم في ذلك نظام تصميم القطع المنشقة بثلاثة مكررات، حيث وزعت الأصناف على القطع الرئيسية وطرق الحصاد على القطع المنشقة. استخدمت خمسة أصناف من المانجو وهي (كتشنر، الفونس، تيمور، أبو سمكة وقلب التور). تم حصادها باستخدام طرق الحصاد الآتية: وهي السلم، الجبادة المحسنة ذات الآلة القاطعة وكيس من القماش و فرشة من الخيش مليئة بأوراق المانجو الجافة بالإضافة إلى الطريقة التقليدية (الجبادة). أوضحت النتائج أن السلم أعطى أفضل نتيجة (4.4%) في تقليل نسبة إصابة ثمار المانجو ثم يأتي بعده الجبادة المحسنة (16.0%) وثم الفرشة (29.5%). بينما أعطت الطريقة التقليدية أكبر نسبة إصابة لثمار المانجو (53.1%). الأصناف قلب التور وأبو سمكة أعطت أعلى نسبة إصابة للثمار بينما الصنف تيمور أعطى أقل نسبة إصابة. أما بالنسبة للزمن المستغرق في الحصاد لكل طريقة ، نجد أن الحصاد بالسلم استغرق أطول زمن (45 دقيقة)، تلاه الجبادة المحسنة (44 دقيقة) ثم الفرشة (19 دقيقة) بينما استغرقت الطريقة التقليدية أقل زمن (10 دقائق) في حصاد المائة ثمرة من المانجو. الأصناف الفونس وكتشنر وتيمور استغرقت أقل زمن لحصاد 100 ثمرة بينما استغرقت الأصناف قلب التور وأبو سمكة زمناً أطول لحصاد نفس العدد من الثمار

Tree species composition within Kano State University of science and Technology Wudil, Kano State, Nigeria

The study accessed the tree species composition within the Kano State University of Science and Technology Wudil, Kano State, Nigeria with the view of providing information that will help in the management and conservation of tree species within the campus. The study area was stratified into four (4) sections from which total enumeration of tree species was carried out. Results from the study shows that, there are 8267 tree stands, representing 43 tree species cutting across 21 family and 37 genera. Azadirachta indica recorded the highest frequency and percentage frequency of 3959 and 47.89% respectively while Borassus aethiopum, Celtis integrifolia and Sclerocarya birrea recorded the lowest frequency and percentage frequency of 1 and 0.01% respectively. The family Fabaceae recorded the highest frequency and percentage frequency of 11 and 52.38% respectively while Anonaceae, Apocynaceae, Arecoideae, Balanitaceae, Bignoiaceae, Ebenaceae, Lamiaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapotaceae, Ulmaceae and Verbenaceae recorded the lowest number of representation of 1 and 4.76% frequency and percentage frequency respectively. Notwithstanding the large number of tree stands recorded, majority of which were exotic trees, the various distribution pattern of the various parameters accessed was typical of savanna vegetation. Concerted effort should be made for the conservation of these species, most especially the indigenous ones, some of which might be extinct in the campus if adequate measures are not taken.Keywords: Tree species composition, Savanna, Indigenous tree species, Forest Conservatio

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KARAKTERISTIK INDIVIDU DENGAN KELUHAN NYERI PUNGGUNG BAWAH PADA PERAWAT DI RUANGAN RAWAT INAP RSU GMIM PANCARAN KASIH MANADO

Nyeri punggung bawah merupakan sindroma klinik yang ditandai dengan gejala utama nyeri atau perasaan lain yang tidak enak di daerah tulang punggung bagian bawah. Faktor-faktor resiko yang mempengaruhi nyeri punggung bawah diantaranya usia, jenis kelamin, masa kerja, pekerjaan, indeks massa tubuh, aktivitas fisik, riwayat cedera punggung. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan antara karakteristik individu dengan keluhan nyeri punggung bawah pada perawat di ruangan rawat inap RSU GMIM Pancaran Kasih Manado. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif, menggunakan metode penelitian survei analitik dengan pendekatan studi potong lintang. Jumlah sampel yang didapat sebanyak 53 responden dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling, dan instrumen yang digunakan yaitu kuesioner keluhan nyeri punggung bawah yang berjumlah 20 pertanyaan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di ruangan rawat inap RSU GMIM Pancaran Kasih Manado pada bulan Mei-Agustus 2017. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji chi square (∂= 5% dan CI= 95%) dengan bantuan aplikasi SPSS. Hasil analisis bivariat faktor umur dengan keluhan nyeri punggung bawah menunjukkan nilai p= 0,194 yang berarti tidak ada hubungan, faktor jenis kelamin dengan keluhan nyeri punggung bawah menunjukkan nilai p= 0,592 yang berarti tidak ada hubungan, dan masa kerja dengan keluhan nyeri punggung bawah menunjukkan nilai p= 0,039 yang berarti ada hubungan.Kata Kunci : Keluhan Nyeri Punggung Bawah, Umur, Jenis Kelamin, Masa KerjaABSTRACTLow back pain is a clinical syndrome characterized by major symptoms of pain or other discomfort in the lower area of spine. Several factors which affect the low back pain are the age, sex, occupation, index body mass, physical activity, history of back injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between individual characteristics with low back pain complaints on the nurses in the inpatient room of GMIM Pancaran Kasih Hospital Manado. This study was a descriptive analytic study with cross sectional approach. The sample was total sampling that 53 nurses and the resarch instrument is low back pain questionnaire which consist of 20 items. This study was conducted in inpatiens room of GMIM Pancaran Kasih Manado Hospital in May to Agust 2017. Bivariate analisis was performed using chi square test (α= 5% and CI=95%) with SPSS. The result of bivariate analysis of age with low back pain complaints showed probability of 0,194 that means no relationship, the sex with low back pain complaints showed probability of 0,592 that means no relationship, and working time with low back pain complaints showed probability of 0,039 that means relationship.Keyword: Low Back Pain Complaints, Age, Sex, Working Tim

HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN DAN KETERSEDIAAN BUAH DAN SAYUR DENGAN KONSUMSI BUAH DAN SAYUR PADA REMAJA DI KOLONGAN ATAS SONDER KABUPATEN MINAHASA

Konsumsi buah dan sayur adalah salah satu pesan penting dalam pedoman gizi seimbang agar menuju masyarakat hidup sehat. Untuk mengubah pola pikir yang ada pada masyarakat agar memiliki paradigma sehat, pemerintah Indonesia melakukan upaya melalui Gerakan Masyarakat Hidup Sehat (GERMAS). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan dan ketersediaan buah dan sayur dengan konsumsi buah dan sayur pada remaja di kolongan atas sonder kabupaten minahasa. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif, dengan metode survei analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Sampel penelitian ini adalah remaja yang berada di kolongan atas sonder yang berjumlah 68 responden. Analisis penelitian ini meliputi univariat dan bivariat dengan menggunakan uji Chi-Square dengan tingkat kemaknaan 95% (α= 0,05) menggunakan bantuan program komputer. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara ketersediaan buah dan sayur dengan pengetahuan tentang buah dan sayur (p=0,004) serta terdapat hubungan antara ketersediaan buah dan sayur dengan konsumsi buah dan sayur (p=0,000). Kata kunci : pengetahuan, ketersediaan buah dan sayur, konsumsi buah dan sayur ABSTRACTConsumption of fruits and vegetables is one of the most important messages in balanced nutrition so that people can lives healthy. To change the mindset that exists in society so that it has a healthy paradigm, the Indonesian government is making efforts through the Healthy Living Community Movement (GERMAS). This study aims to examine the relationship between knowledge and information on fruits and vegetables consumption among teenagers or young adults in the upper class of Minahasa district. This research is a quantitative study, with an analytic survey method with a cross sectional approach. The sample of this research is teenagers who are in the upper class of respondents who can be 68 respondents. The analysis of this study includes univariate and bivariate using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 95% (α = 0.05) using the help of a computer program. The results of this study indicate a relationship between the value of fruits and vegetables with knowledge of fruits and vegetables (p = 0.004) and there is a relationship between fruits and vegetables and fruits and vegetable consumption (p = 0.000). Keywords : knowledge, availability of fruit and vegetables, consumption of fruit and vegetables

Sampling the fish gill microbiome : a comparison of tissue biopsies and swabs

Funding Information: The research costs of this work were supported by the BBSRC EASTBIO DTP and Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS) small grants funding scheme. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Scottish Sea Farms (SSF) for the kind facilitation of fieldwork that provided material in this project, particularly the staff at the Loch Spelve facility, and the health team at SSF, particularly Dr. Ralph Bickerdike. Thanks are due as well to Professor Matt Holden and Kerry Pettigrew of the Infection Group within the Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, for assistance within the laboratory, as well as Dr. David Bass at the Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science for helpful proofreading.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Low-pressure metamorphism during Archaean crustal growth: a low-strain zone in the northern Nagssugtoqidian orogen, West Greenland

One of the first detailed accounts of Precambrian supracrustal rocks in central West Greenland came from a small group of islands and skerries a few kilometres north-east of Aasiaat (Fig. 1). In 1948, K. Ellitsgaard-Rasmussen spent a few days on the islands and published a metamorphic study of their low-grade greenstones and aluminous clastic rocks (Ellitsgaard-Rasmussen 1954). He observed a striking dissimilarity between these supracrustal rocks and the grey gneisses found in most of the Aasiaat region, although the latter were at that time also assumed to be of supracrustal origin. He furthermore noted that the regional significance of the islands should be pursued, and that the island of Maniitsoq 4 km west of the small islands might hold a key to their interpretation. More than 50 years were to elapse before the islands were surveyed again in July 2003, during field work for the Ikamiut map sheet in the northern Nagssugtoqidian orogen (van Gool et al. 2002). The collision of two Archaean continents during the c. 1850 Ma Nagssugtoqidian orogeny caused intensive structural and thermal reworking at up to granulite facies grade in most of central West Greenland; see Connelly et al. (2000) and van Gool et al. (2002). The small islands north-east of Aasiaat are indeed regionally important, because they document a previously unrecognised low-grade, low-strain domain of presumed Archaean age that has largely escaped the Nagssugtoqidian orogeny, and as predicted by Ellitsgaard-Rasmussen (1954) a clue to their significance was found on Maniitsoq

D-0-Meson R-AA in PbPb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV and elliptic flow in pPb collisions at root s(NN)=8.16 TeV with CMS

The study of charm production in heavy-ion collisions is considered an excellent probe for the properties of the hot and dense medium created in heavy-ion collisions. Measurements of D0-meson nuclear modification factor can provide strong constraints into the mechanisms of in-medium energy loss and charm flow in the medium. The measurement of D0-meson elliptic flow in pPb collisions helps us understand the strength of charm quarks coupling to significantly reduced systems which demonstrate hydrodynamic properties. In this paper, the measurements of the D0-meson nuclear modification factor in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV together with the new measurement of D0-meson elliptic flow in high multiplicity pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV using the two-particle correlation method will be presented

Conductance Peak Height Correlations for a Coulomb-Blockaded Quantum Dot in a Weak Magnetic Field

We consider statistical correlations between the heights of conductance peaks corresponding to two different levels in a Coulomb-blockaded quantum dot. Correlations exist for two peaks at the same magnetic field if the field does not fully break time-reversal symmetry as well as for peaks at different values of a magnetic field that fully breaks time-reversal symmetry. Our results are also relevant to Coulomb-blockade conductance peak height statistics in the presence of weak spin-orbit coupling in a chaotic quantum dot.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, REVTeX 4, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.