Hematological analysis of Micropogonias Furnieri, Desmarest, 1823, Scianidae, from two estuaries of Baixada Santista, São paulo Brazil

Alterações hematológicas em peixes são consideradas uma importante ferramenta para avaliar processos patológicos decorrentes da exposição a poluentes ambientais. Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) (corvina) é comumente encontrada em regiões estuarinas e eventualmente está exposta a inúmeros contaminantes. No presente estudo foi avaliado o quadro hematológico de indivíduos de M. furnieri coletados na Baixada Santista: o Sistema Estuarino de Santos, considerado poluído, e o estuário do Rio Itanhaém (controle). Foram avaliados o número de Eritrócitos (Er), o Hematócrito (Ht), a taxa de Hemoglobina (Hb), o Volume Corpuscular Médio (VCM) e a Concentração de Hemoglobina Corpuscular Média (CHCM). Nos peixes coletados no Sistema Estuarino de Santos, os níveis de Ht foram significativamente menores, enquanto os níveis de CHCM e Hb foram significativamente mais altos, indicando que os prováveis efeitos estejam atribuídos aos diferentes níveis de contaminação encontrados nos estuários.Hematological alterations in fish are considered a useful tool to evaluate pathological processes resulting from the exposure to environmental pollutants. The whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri is a common species in estuarine areas and potentially exposed to many contaminants. In the present study, the hematological characteristics of fish collected at two sites in Baixada Santista (Santos Estuarine System - SES, a polluted site; and the Estuary of Itanhaém River - EIR, unpolluted site) del was analysed. The following blood descriptors were analyzed: number of Erythrocytes (Er), Hematocrit (Ht), Hemoglobin (Hb), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Fish from SES exhibited significant lower levels of Ht and increase on MCHC and Hb. Such differences are likely related to the different contamination levels found in these estuaries

Efeitos da pré-exposição ao cobre sobre respostas bioquímicas da anêmona-do-mar Bunodosoma cangicum a hipóxiae reoxigenação

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2012.Os organismos bentônicos intermareais enfrentam oscilações periódicas nos níveis de oxigênio na água associadas ao ciclo de marés. Durante o recuo da maré, eles ficam expostos ao ar e sujeitos a hipóxia, favorecendo uma redução nas espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e nas defesas antioxidantes. Porém, na reoxigenação há um aumento acentuado na geração de ERO. Para minimizar os prejuízos desse processo, existem mecanismos antecipatórios, tal como o aumento das defesas antioxidantes durante a hipóxia. Por sua vez, o estresse causado por poluentes químicos, como o cobre, pode alterar o padrão destas respostas. Neste estudo foram avaliadas respostas de biomarcadores associados ao estresse oxidativo e metabolismo (capacidade antioxidante total contra radicais peroxil - ACAP, atividade da superóxido dismutase - SOD, concentração de glutationa reduzida - GSH, peroxidação lipídica - LPO e concentração de ATP) na anêmona Bunodosoma cangicum pré-exposta (96 h) ao cobre (6,1 ± 2.7 μg.L-1) e submetida a hipóxia (6 h a 0.5 mgO2.L-1) seguida da reoxigenação (6 h a 7.5 mg O2.L-1). Nas anêmonas controle não foram observadas variações na ACAP, GSH, LPO e ATP. Entretanto, a atividade da SOD aumentou durante a hipóxia. Nas anêmonas pré-expostas ao cobre, a ACAP foi reduzida na hipóxia e reoxigenação. A atividade da SOD não se alterou e a concentração de GSH aumentou no início do experimento, na hipóxia e na reoxigenação. A concentração de ATP diminuiu na reoxigenação, porém a LPO não se alterou em todas as condições experimentais. Estes resultados indicam a existência de mecanismos antecipatórios para prevenção dos efeitos negativos da reoxigenação em B. cangicum e que a exposição ao cobre em concentração ambientalmente relevante afeta negativamente estes mecanismos.Intertidal benthic organisms are subjected to changes in oxygen availability during the tidal cycle. A hypoxic condition may occur during air exposure, thus favoring a decreased level of oxygen reactive species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses. However, during re-oxygenation a ROS overproduction may occur. Anticipatory mechanisms such as a buildup of antioxidant defenses under hypoxia could be present to avoid a possible oxidative damage occurring during these processes. In turn, chemical stress induced pollutants such as copper may affect the response of these mechanisms. In the present study, the response of biomarkers associated with oxidative stress and energy (total antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals - ACAP, superoxide dismutase activity - SOD, lipid peroxidation - LPO, reduced glutathione - GSH, and ATP concentration) were evaluated in the sea anemone Bunadosoma cangicum pre-exposed (96 h) to copper (6.1 ± 2.7 μg.L-1) and submitted to hypoxia (6 h at 5 mg O2.L-1) followed by re-oxygenation (6 h at 7.5 mg O2.L-1). In sea anemones kept under control conditions, ACAP, GSH concentration, LPO and ATP concentration did not change over the experimental time. However, SOD activity was increased under hypoxia. In sea anemones pre-exposed to copper, ACAP was reduced under hypoxia and re-oxygenation. GSH concentration was increased during hypoxia and reoxygenation, while ATP concentration was reduced during re-oxygenation. These findings indicate that B. cangicum shows anticipatory mechanisms to avoid the oxidative stress during re-oxygenation and that pre-exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of copper affects these mechanisms

Influence of copper pre-exposure on biochemical responses of the sea anemone Bunodosoma cangicum to changes in oxygen availability

The influence of copper on the ability of the intertidal sea anemone Bunodosoma cangicum to cope with reactive oxygen species generation associated with changes in oxygen availability was evaluated. Sea anemones were kept under control condition or pre-exposed (96 h) to dissolved copper (6.1 μg ± 2.7 μg/L) and then subjected to a 6-h period of hypoxia (0.5 mg O2/L) followed by a 6-h period of re-oxygenation (7.5 mg O2/L). Antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration, lipid peroxidation (LPO) level, and ATP concentration were evaluated. Control sea anemones showed variations in SOD and LPO while copper pre-exposed sea anemones displayed changes in ACAP, GSH, LPO and ATP. However, no clear pattern of change over time was observed. ACAP was lower in copper pre-exposed sea anemones than in the control ones during hypoxia and recovery. SOD activity was increased during hypoxia and reduced shortly after recovery in control sea anemones. GSH concentration was higher in copper preexposed sea anemones than in the control ones in all experimental conditions. The LPO level increased shortly after recovery in both groups of sea anemones, being higher in control sea anemones than in copper preexposed ones. ATP concentration showed transient changes in copper pre-exposed sea anemones, being lower in these sea anemones than in control ones during recovery. These findings suggest that B. cangicum possess mechanisms to prevent oxidative stress generated by changes in oxygen availability associated with the tidal cycle, which can be disturbed by pre-exposure to copper

HEMATOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF Micropogonias furnieri, DESMAREST, 1823, SCIANIDAE, FROM TWO ESTUARIES OF BAIXADA SANTISTA, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL

Hematological alterations in fish are considered a useful tool to evaluate pathological processes resulting from the exposure to environmental pollutants. The whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri is a common species in estuarine areas and potentially exposed to many contaminants. In the present study, the hematological characteristics of fish collected at two sites in Baixada Santista (Santos Estuarine System - SES, a polluted site; and the Estuary of Itanhaem River - EIR, unpolluted site) del was analysed. The following blood descriptors were analyzed: number of Erythrocytes (Er), Hematocrit (Ht), Hemoglobin (Hb), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Fish from SES exhibited significant lower levels of Ht and increase on MCHC and Hb. Such differences are likely related to the different contamination levels found in these estuaries