Scaling relations of z ∼ 0.25–1.5 galaxies in various environments from the morpho-kinematics analysis of the MAGIC sample

Context. The evolution of galaxies is influenced by many physical processes, which may vary depending on their environment. Aims. We combine Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) data of galaxies at 0.25-1.5 to probe the impact of environment on the size-mass relation, the main sequence (MS) relation, and the Tully-Fisher relation (TFR). Methods. We perform a morpho-kinematics modelling of 593 [O-II] emitters in various environments in the COSMOS area from the MUSE-gAlaxy Groups In Cosmos survey. The HST F814W images are modelled with a bulge-disk decomposition to estimate their bulge-disk ratio, effective radius, and disk inclination. We use the [O-II]λλ3727, 3729 doublet to extract the galaxies ionised gas kinematics maps from the MUSE cubes, and we model those maps for a sample of 146 [O-II] emitters, including bulge and disk components constrained from morphology and a dark matter halo. Results. We find an offset of 0.03 dex (1 significant) on the size-mass relation zero point between the field and the large structure sub-samples, with a richness threshold of N=10 to separate between small and large structures, and of 0.06 dex (2) with N=20. Similarly, we find a 0.1 dex (2A) difference on the MS relation with N=10 and 0.15 dex (3) with N=20. These results suggest that galaxies in massive structures are smaller by 14% and have star formation rates reduced by a factor of 1.31.5 with respect to field galaxies at z 0.7. Finally, we do not find any impact of the environment on the TFR, except when using N=20 with an offset of 0.04 dex (1). We discard the effect of quenching for the largest structures, which would lead to an offset in the opposite direction. We find that, at z0.7, if quenching impacts the mass budget of galaxies in structures, these galaxies would have been affected quite recently and for roughly 0.7-+1.5 Gyr. This result holds when including the gas mass but vanishes once we include the asymmetric drift correction

Scaling relations of z ~ 0.25-1.5 galaxies in various environments from the morpho-kinematics analysis of the MAGIC sample

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Cored dark-matter profiles in z≃1 star forming galaxies

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The MUSE extremely deep field: evidence for SFR-induced cores in dark-matter dominated galaxies at z ≃ 1

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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

AbstractOptimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was &lt;1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.</jats:p

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

Stellar angular momentum of disk galaxies at z ≈ 0.7 in the MAGIC survey. I. Impact of the environment

Aims. At intermediate redshift, galaxy groups and clusters are thought to impact galaxy properties such as their angular momentum. We investigate whether the environment has an impact on the galaxies’ stellar angular momentum and identify underlying driving physical mechanisms. Methods. We derived robust estimates of the stellar angular momentum using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images combined with spatially resolved ionised gas kinematics from the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) for a sample of ∼200 galaxies in groups and in the field at z ∼ 0.7 drawn from the MAGIC survey. Using various environmental tracers, we study the position of the galaxies in the angular momentum–stellar mass (Fall) relation as a function of environment. Results. We measured a 0.12 dex (2 σ significant) depletion of stellar angular momentum for low-mass galaxies ( M ⋆ < 10 10 M ⊙ ) located in groups with respect to the field. Massive galaxies located in dense environments have less angular momentum than expected from the low-mass Fall relation but, without a comparable field sample, we cannot infer whether this effect is mass or environmentally driven. Furthermore, these massive galaxies are found in the central parts of the structures and have low systemic velocities. The observed depletion of angular momentum at low stellar mass does not appear linked with the strength of the over-density around the galaxies but it is strongly correlated with (i) the systemic velocity of the galaxies normalised by the dispersion of their host group and (ii) their ionised gas velocity dispersion. Conclusions. Galaxies in groups appear depleted in angular momentum, especially at low stellar mass. Our results suggest that this depletion might be induced by physical mechanisms that scale with the systemic velocity of the galaxies (e.g., stripping or merging) and that such a mechanism might be responsible for enhancing the velocity dispersion of the gas as galaxies lose angular momentum

Scaling relations of z similar to 0.25-1.5 galaxies in various environments from the morpho-kinematics analysis of the MAGIC sample

Context. The evolution of galaxies is influenced by many physical processes, which may vary depending on their environment.Aims. We combine Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) data of galaxies at 0.25 less than or similar to z less than or similar to 1.5 to probe the impact of environment on the size-mass relation, the main sequence (MS) relation, and the Tully-Fisher relation (TFR).Methods. We perform a morpho-kinematics modelling of 593 [O II] emitters in various environments in the COSMOS area from the MUSE-gAlaxy Groups In Cosmos survey. The HST F814W images are modelled with a bulge-disk decomposition to estimate their bulge-disk ratio, effective radius, and disk inclination. We use the [O II] lambda lambda 3727, 3729 doublet to extract the galaxies' ionised gas kinematics maps from the MUSE cubes, and we model those maps for a sample of 146 [O II] emitters, including bulge and disk components constrained from morphology and a dark matter halo.Results. We find an offset of 0.03 dex (1 sigma - significant) on the size-mass relation zero point between the field and the large structure sub-samples, with a richness threshold of N = 10 to separate between small and large structures, and of 0.06 dex (2 sigma) with N = 20. Similarly, we find a 0.1 dex (2 sigma) difference on the MS relation with N = 10 and 0.15 dex (3 sigma) with N = 20. These results suggest that galaxies in massive structures are smaller by 14% and have star formation rates reduced by a factor of 1.3-1.5 with respect to field galaxies at z approximate to 0.7. Finally, we do not find any impact of the environment on the TFR, except when using N = 20 with an offset of 0.04 dex (1 sigma). We discard the effect of quenching for the largest structures, which would lead to an offset in the opposite direction. We find that, at z approximate to 0.7, if quenching impacts the mass budget of galaxies in structures, these galaxies would have been affected quite recently and for roughly 0.7-1.5 Gyr. This result holds when including the gas mass but vanishes once we include the asymmetric drift correction