Comparative Study of CD105 and Ki-67 in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma and Polymorphous Low Grade Adenocarcinoma of the Salivary Glands

تمهيد         السرطان الكيسي الغدي والسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة  ولهما تداخل في  عدد من الانماط  النسيجية والتي تشمل المثقب، الانبوبي والاصم. ان تداخل الصفات السريرية والمرضية للسرطان الكيسي الغدي والسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة يادي الى جعل التشخيص في مازق. ان السرطان الكيسي الغدي يمتاز بانه اسوا في تطور المرض من السرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة وهذا يجعل التمييز بينهما ضروري لا جل العلاج  ومتابعة تطور المرض. الاهداف         تقييم الظهور الكيميائي النسيجي المناعي لل CD105. ومؤشر التكاثر.Ki-67. للسرطان الكيسي الغدي والسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة للغدد اللعابية، ومقارنة درجة ظهور هذه العوامل مع الخصائص السريرية والمرضية. المواد وطرائق العمل       تضمنت الدراسة 50 عينة لاشخاص مصابين بسرطان الغدد اللعابية، 25 عينه لا شخاص مصابين بالسرطان الكيسي الغدي و25 عينة لا شخاص مصابين بالسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة، جمعت هذه العينات من ارشيف قسم امراض الفم والوجه والفكين/ كلية طب الاسنان/ جامعة بغداد ومختبر الامراض العامة/ مستشفى الشهيد غازي الحريري للجراحات التخصصية، وباستخدام قوالب شمعيه حاوية على النسيج المحفوظ في الفور مالين واجري لها الفحص النسيجي للتأكد من التشخيص بعد تقطيعها الى شرائح دقيقة وبسمك 4 ما يكرو متر.        بعدها تم اجراء الفحوصات المناعية النسيجية الكيميائية لل.CD 105   ومؤشر التكاثر Ki-67 .للشرائح النسيجية بنفس السمك المذكور سابقا مع اجراء اختبار السيطرة السالبة والموجبة  ثم تقييم النتائج الى بعضها البعض والى الخصائص السريرية والمرضية ايضا. النتائج       اظهرت النتائج ان الظهور  الكيميائي النسيجي  المناعي لل.CD105 كان موجبا في  21 عينة للسرطان الكيسي الغدي و 20 عينة للسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة كما اظهرت النتائج ان الظهور  الكيميائي النسيجي  المناعي لمؤشر التكاثرKi-67  كان موجبا في  24 عينة للسرطان الكيسي الغدي23 عينة للسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة .        لوحظ عدم وجود علاقة معنوية لل.CD105  في السرطان الكيسي الغدي والسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة.        لوحظ عدم وجود علاقة معنوية لمؤشر التكاثر Ki-67. في السرطان الكيسي الغدي والسرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة.         لوحظ عدم وجود علاقة معنوية لل CD105. ومؤشر التكاثرKi-67  مع جنس المريض والموقع التشريحي ومكان تحديد الانتشار في السرطان الكيسي الغدي و السرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة.         لوحظ عدم وجود علاقة معنوية لل CD105. ومؤشر التكاثرKi-67  مع درجة التمايز في السرطان الكيسي الغدي. الاستنتاجات        في هذه الدراسة ظهر ان ال CD105 ومؤشر التكاثر Ki-67  تلعب دور مهم في تقييم المرض ولا يمكن اعتبارها غير مهمة في مجال تقييم المرض.  ان الاختلاف في الميل البيولوجي ليس له علاقه مع تكوين اوعيه دموية جديدة، ان زباده تكوين الأوعية الدموية يتناسب طرديا مع تكون السرطانات الخبيثة ان ظهور ال CD105 في سرطانات الغدد اللعابية يظهر دوره في تطور السرطانات الخبيثة ودور خلايا الMyoepithelial cell  في السيطرة على تكوين اوعية دموية جديدة  . ان نسبة ظهور مؤشر التكاثر Ki-67 يكون في السرطان الكيسي الغدي اكثر من السرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة.                  هذا التداخل والتفاعل يحفز عمليات بخطوات متعددة تساعد على حدوث سرطان الغدد اللعابية وتساهم في تنظيم عمليات الهجوم والنزعة الخبيثة  لهذه السرطانات. الكلمات الدالة: السرطان الكيسي الغدي، السرطان الغدي المتعدد الاشكال ذو الدرجة الواطئة، الظهور الكيميائي النسيجي المناعي،CD105. مؤشر التكاثرKi-67  .Background: The intersecting clinicopathological features and histological patterns, including cribriform, tubular and solid patterns of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) may end in a problematic diagnosis .ACC has a worse prognosis than  PLGA making distinction important for therapeutic and prognostic purposes . The Aims of this study were to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of CD105 and Ki-67 in adenoid cystic carcinoma and polymorphous low grade adeoncarcinoma of the salivary glands and to correlate the immunoexpression of these proteins with the clinicopathological findings. Materials and methods In this retrospective study , fifty  of archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue samples of salivary gland malignancies  were used,  twenty five  blocks of  adenoid cystic carcinomas   and twenty five  blocks of  polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma obtained from the archives of the department of oral pathology / college of dentistry / Baghdad university, Al-Shaheed Ghazi hospital, were included  in our study. Four micrometer sections gained and immunostained using monoclonal antibody against CD105 and Ki-67. The immunoexpression was identified  by the presence of brown stain in the cytoplasm of tumor cell in CD105 and the presence of brown stain in the nucleus  of tumor cell in Ki-67. The proportion of cells that expressed the stain was correlated with the clinicopathological data of the patients. Results: CD105 expression was found positive in 21 cases of ACC and 20cases of PLGA localized in tumor cells.  andKi-67 expression was found positive in 24 cases of ACC and 23 casesof PLGA localized in tumor cells. Non- significant  statistical  relation  (P=0.801) was  detected  regarding CD105  expression  in  both  types  of  tumor and non- significant  statistical  relation (P= 0.852) was detected  regarding Ki-67 expression in both types of tumor . Non- significant  statistical  relation  (P= 0.05) was  detected  regarding CD105 and Ki-67 expression  in relation to sex, site and stage in  both  types  of  tumor. Conclusion: Weak expression CD105 and  Ki-67 in ACC and PLGA  might be explained by CD105 and  Ki-67 did  not represent an exclusive factors consequently; other factors might be involved in the proliferation, progression and  metastasis of both tumor types. Key words: Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma , immunohistochemistry, CD105 and Ki-67. &nbsp

REMOVAL OF COPPER ION FROM WASTEWATER BY FLOTATION

Several industrial wastewater streams may contain heavy metal ions, which must be effectively removal before the discharge or reuse of treated waters could take place. In this paper, the removal of copper( II) by foam flotation from dilute aqueous solutions was investigated at laboratory scale. The effects of various parameters such as pH, collector and frother concentrations, initial copper concentration, air flow rate, hole diameter of the gas distributor, and NaCl addition were tested in a bubble column of 6 cm inside diameter and 120 cm height. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) were used as anionic and cationic surfactant, respectively. Ethanol was used as frothers and the optimal removal conditions have been established. Successful removals about (98%) and (76%) could be achieved for copper ions with SDS and HTAB, respectively. Copper removal reached about 80% under the optimum conditions at low pH; at high pH it became as high as 98% probably due to the contribution from the flotation of precipitated copper. It was found that the presence of NaCl in the solution reduced the recoveries. Adding ethanol at 1% concentration increased the removal efficiency. From the results the rate of flotation was found to be first order

Adulteration of hypoglycemic products: the silent threat

Background. The growing tendency toward the adulteration of hypoglycemic products in the market to increase the seller’s profits, the increased promotions of such products by unscrupulous promoters, and the higher rate of consumption by diabetic patients in the community all of these represent an alarm for serious health problems that could be fatal and have a potential threat to public health when using them. Aim. This review aims to attract the attention of the researchers to the hazardous clinical outcomes of adulterated hypoglycemic products and encourage them to do further studies analyzing the compositions of the available hypoglycemic products. Results. Based on the obtained data from the latest studies, the available hypoglycemic products have undeclared and banned anti-diabetic agents that lead to serious side effects. Conclusion. The popularity and abundance of adulterated hypoglycemic products in the market that are claimed to be effective for type 2 diabetes mellitus (Ty2DM) are hazardous to public health and have significant clinical outcomes due to their undeclared anti-diabetic agents which could be lethal to diabetic patients

Heat transfer enhancement and free convection assessment in a double-tube latent heat storage unit equipped with optimally spaced circular fins: Evaluation of the melting process

To overcome the weak conduction heat transfer of phase change materials (PCM), this investigation aimed to assess the behavior of a double-tube latent heat storage unit with circular fins through the charging process. The influence of free convection in the presence of fins of various arrangements and sizes was comprehensively studied. The geometrical characteristics of the fins, i.e., their size and number, were assessed to optimize their performance. Moreover, a sensitivity assessment was performed on the characteristics of the heat transfer fluid passing through the inner tube, i.e., the Reynolds number and temperature. Charging time diminished by 179% when nine 15 mm fins were added compared with the finless scenario, assuming the same phase change materials volume. Moreover, the system’s thermal recovery rate improved from 20.5 to 32.9 W when nine fins with the heigth of 15 mm were added. The use of more fins improved the thermal behavior of the phase change materials because of the higher total fin area. The melting time and heat storage rate changed by 76% and 71%, respectively, for the system with 19 fins compared with those with four fins. Moreover, the outcomes indicated that a higher heat storage rate can be achieved when the working medium’s faster flow and inlet temperature were used

Improving the melting performance in a triple-pipe latent heat storage system using hemispherical and quarter-spherical fins with a staggered arrangement

Data availability statement: The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.This study aims to evaluate the melting characteristics of a phase change material (PCM) in a latent heat storage system equipped with hemispherical and quarter-spherical fins. A vertical triple-pipe heat exchanger is used as the PCM-based heat storage unit to improve the melting performance compared with a double-pipe system. Furthermore, the fins are arranged in inline and staggered configurations to improve heat transfer performance. For the quarter-spherical fins, both upward and downward directions are examined. The results of the system equipped with novel fins are compared with those without fins. Moreover, a fin is added to the heat exchanger’s base to compensate for the natural convection effect at the bottom of the heat exchanger. Considering similar fin volumes, the results show that the system equipped with four hemispherical fins on the side walls and an added fin on the bottom wall has the best performance compared with the other cases with hemispherical fins. The staggered arrangement of the fins results in a higher heat transfer rate. The downward quarter-spherical fins with a staggered configuration show the highest performance among all the studied cases. Compared with the case without fins, the heat storage rate improves by almost 78% (from 35.6 to 63.5 W), reducing the melting time by 45%.King Khalid University Deanship of Scientific Research Large Groups [Project under grant number (RGP. 2/142/43)]; Brunel University London

Improving the melting performance in a triple-pipe latent heat storage system using hemispherical and quarter-spherical fins with a staggered arrangement

This study aims to evaluate the melting characteristics of a phase change material (PCM) in a latent heat storage system equipped with hemispherical and quarter-spherical fins. A vertical triple-pipe heat exchanger is used as the PCM-based heat storage unit to improve the melting performance compared with a double-pipe system. Furthermore, the fins are arranged in inline and staggered configurations to improve heat transfer performance. For the quarter-spherical fins, both upward and downward directions are examined. The results of the system equipped with novel fins are compared with those without fins. Moreover, a fin is added to the heat exchanger’s base to compensate for the natural convection effect at the bottom of the heat exchanger. Considering similar fin volumes, the results show that the system equipped with four hemispherical fins on the side walls and an added fin on the bottom wall has the best performance compared with the other cases with hemispherical fins. The staggered arrangement of the fins results in a higher heat transfer rate. The downward quarter-spherical fins with a staggered configuration show the highest performance among all the studied cases. Compared with the case without fins, the heat storage rate improves by almost 78% (from 35.6 to 63.5 W), reducing the melting time by 45%

Numerical analysis of the energy-storage performance of a PCM-based triplex-tube containment system equipped with arc-shaped fins

This study numerically intends to evaluate the effects of arc-shaped fins on the melting capability of a triplex-tube confinement system filled with phase-change materials (PCMs). In contrast to situations with no fins, where PCM exhibits relatively poor heat response, in this study, the thermal performance is modified using novel arc-shaped fins with various circular angles and orientations compared with traditional rectangular fins. Several inline and staggered layouts are also assessed to maximize the fin’s efficacy. The effect of the nearby natural convection is further investigated by adding a fin to the bottom of the heat-storage domain. Additionally, the Reynolds number and temperature of the heat-transfer fluid (HTF) are evaluated. The outcomes showed that the arc-shaped fins could greatly enhance the PCMs’ melting rate and the associated heat-storage properties. The melting rate is 17% and 93.1% greater for the case fitted with an inline distribution of the fins with a circular angle of 90° and an upward direction, respectively, than the cases with uniform rectangular fins and no fins, which corresponded to the shorter melting time of 14.5% and 50.4%. For the case with arc-shaped fins with a 90° circular angle, the melting rate increases by 9% using a staggered distribution. Compared to the staggered fin distribution, adding an extra fin to the bottom of the domain indicates adverse effects. The charging time reduces by 5.8% and 9.2% when the Reynolds number (Re) rises from 500 to 1000 and 1500, respectively, while the heat-storage rate increases by 6.3% and 10.3%. When the fluid inlet temperature is 55°C or 50°C, compared with 45°C, the overall charging time increases by 98% and 47%, respectively

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Perspective Chapter: The Toxic Silver (Hg)

In the late 1950s, residents of a Japanese fishing village known as “Minamata” began falling ill and dying at an alarming rate. The Japanese authorities stated that methyl-mercury-rich seafood and shellfish caused the sickness. Burning fossil fuels represent ≈52.7% of Hg emissions. The majorities of mercury’s compounds are volatile and thus travel hundreds of miles with wind before being deposited on the earth’s surface. High acidity and dissolved organic carbon increase Hg-mobility in soil to enter the food chain. Additionally, Hg is taken up by areal plant parts via gas exchange. Mercury has no identified role in plants while exhibiting high affinity to form complexes with soft ligands such as sulfur and this consequently inactivates amino acids and sulfur-containing antioxidants. Long-term human exposure to Hg leads to neurotoxicity in children and adults, immunological, cardiac, and motor reproductive and genetic disorders. Accordingly, remediating contaminated soils has become an obligation. Mercury, like other potentially toxic elements, is not biodegradable, and therefore, its remediation should encompass either removal of Hg from soils or even its immobilization. This chapter discusses Hg’s chemical behavior, sources, health dangers, and soil remediation methods to lower Hg levels