The Effect of Adding Alloying Element Yttrium and Tantalum on Mechanical Properties of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy

 لقد زاد استخدام سبائك الذاكرة (النيكل – تيتانيوم) في التطبيقات الهندسية المختلفة وكذلك في التطبيقات الطبية الحيوية.وكان الهدف من هذه الدراسة اولا دراسة تأثير اختلاف ضغط الكبس ودورات التلبيد على عدة اختبارات فيزيائية مثل الأشعة السينية ، والمسامية والكثافة الظاهرية ، فضلا عن الاختبارات الميكانيكية مثل ميكروهاردنيس، خشونة السطح، و ثانيا دراسة تأثير عناصر السبك من الإيتريوم والتنتالوم على ميكروهاردنيس و خشونة السطح للسبائك المتذكرة للشكل. وقد تم تحضير عدة سبائك بواسطة تقنية مساحيق المعادن. تم إجراء صلادة فيكرز، قياسات خشونة السطح، تحليل حيود الاشعة السينية، المسامية والكثافة الظاهرية . وقد تبين أن اختبارات حيود الاشعة السينية لجميع العينات لها نفس النتائج من الطورين في درجة حرارة الغرفة هما  (NiTi و Ni3Ti سداسي الشكل) . أظهرت عينة ذات النسبة  2٪ الإيتريوم والمكبوسة تحت ضغط  650 ميجا باسكال قيمة صلابة (275.7) . اما قيمة صلابة العينات ذو النسب  3٪ و 1٪ هي (272.26 و 200) على التوالي. في حين أضافة التنتالوم يزيد من الصلادة تدريجيا ليسجل  اعلى  قيمة  صلادة (310) عند 3%.  ان اضافة عنصر التنتالوم يقلل خشونة السطح من 0.36 إلى 0.15 ميكرون بالنسبة للعينة ذات النسبة  3٪ التنتالوم والمكبوسة تحت الضغط 650 ميجا باسكال. في حين أن العينة ذات النسبة  2٪ الإيتريوم المكبوسة تحت نفس الضغط  أظهرت (0.16) ميكرون خشونة السطح.Nickel titanium(NiTi) shape memory alloys have increased utilization for different engineering applications especially in biomedical applications .The aim of  this study, first studied the powder metallurgy process variables such as compacting stress and sintering cycles on several physical tests such as x-ray diffraction, porosity and apparent density as well as mechanical tests such as microhardness, surface roughness , second studied the effect of alloying element of yttrium and tantalum on microhardness, surface roughness of NiTi shape memory alloys. Several alloys have been prepared by powder metallurgical technique. Vickers hardness, surface roughness measurements, XRD analysis, porosity and apparent density were performed. It was shown that the XRD diffraction tests of all samples have the same results of two phases at room temperature (RT) (monoclinic NiTi and hexagonal Ni3Ti).the result of adding tantalum in the percentage of (1%,2% and3%) in the expense of nickel, increasing hardness value gradually to record the highest value (310) HV at 3%.and also decrease the surface roughness from (0.36 to 0.15) µm at 3%Tantalum and 650 Mpa. While the result of adding yttrium in the percentage of (1%, 2% and3%) %Wt. in the expense of nickel, shown that the specimen of 2 % Yttrium and 650 Mpa compacting stress showed the hardness value of (275.7) HV  .The hardness value decreases at 3 % and 1% additives at the same compacting stress to (272.26 and 200) HV respectively. The addition of Tantalum element decreases the surface roughness from (0.36 to 0.15) µm at 3%Tantalum and 650 Mpa .While the specimen of 2% Yttrium at 650 Mpa shown (0.16) µm surface roughness

Lane detection system for day vision using altera DE2

The active safety systems used in automotive field are largely exploiting lane detection technique for warning the vehicle drivers to correct any unintended road departure and to reach fully autonomous vehicles. Due to its ability, to be programmed, to perform complex mathematical functions and its characterization of high speed processing, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) could cope with the requirement of lane detection implementation and application. In the present work, lane detection is implemented using FPGA for day vision. This necessitates utilization of image processing techniques like filtering, edge detection and thresholding. The lane detection is performed by firstly capturing the image from a video camera and converted to gray scale. Then, a noise filtering process for gray image is performed using Gaussian and average filter. Methods from first and second order edge detection techniques have been selected for the purpose of lane edge detection. The effect of manually changing the threshold level on image enhancement has been examined. The results showed that raising threshold level would better enhance the image. The type of FPGA device used in the present work is Altera DE2. Firstly, the version DE2 Cyclone II start with (11xxxxxx-xxxx) together with Genx camera has been used. This camera supports both formats NTSC and PAL, while the above version of FPGA backups only NTSC format. The software of lane detection is designed and coded using Verilog language

Performance Comparison of Particle Swarm Optimization, and Genetic Algorithm in the Design of UWB Antenna

yesAn efficient multi-object evolutionary algorithms are proposed for optimizing frequency characteristics of antennas based on an interfacing created by Matlab environment. This interface makes a link with CST Microwave studio where the electromagnetic investigation of antenna is realized. Very small, compact printed monopole antenna is optimized for ultra- wideband (UWB) applications. Two objective functions are introduced; the first function intends to increase the impedance bandwidth, and second function to tune the antenna to resonate at a particular frequency. The two functions operate in the range of 3.2 to 10.6 GHz and depend on the level of return loss. The computed results provide a set of proper design for UWB system in which the bandwidth achieved is 7.5GHz at the resonance frequency 4.48GHz, including relatively stable gain and radiation patterns across the operating band

CRIME RATE PREDICTION USING THE RANDOM FOREST ALGORITHM

  An act that creates crimes punishable by law is characterized as a crime. Rape, fraud, terrorism, kidnapping, burglary, murder, and other crimes are common in Nigeria. Examples are cybercrime, bribery and corruption, robbery, money laundering, among other crimes. Crime is a harmful and widespread social issue that affects individuals all around the world. The rate of crime has risen dramatically in recent years. To cut down on crime, at any rate, law enforcements must take preventative actions. To protect society against crime, modern systems and new technologies are required. Although accurate real-time crime study is on aid in reducing crime rates, they are nonetheless useless. As crime occurrences are dependent on, this is a difficult subject for the scientific community to solve. Therefore, this paper proposes machine learning algorithm to indicate the frequency and pattern of crimes based on the data collected and to show the extent of crime in a particular region. Various visualization approaches and machine learning algorithms are used in this study to anticipate the crime distribution over a large area. In the first stage, raw datasets were processed and visualized according to the requirements. Then, to extract knowledge from these massive datasets, machine learning methods were deployed and uncover hidden patterns in the data, which were then utilized to investigate and report on crime patterns, It is beneficial to crime analysts. Investigate these crime networks using a variety of interactive crime visualizations. As a result, it is helpful in crime prevention

Design of Radiation Pattern-Reconfigurable 60-GHz Antenna for 5G Applications

noReconfigurable beam steering using circular disc microstrip patch antenna with a ring slotis proposed. The overall dimension of the antenna is 5.4×5.4 mm2 printed on a 0.504 mm thick, Rogers RT5870 substrate with relative permittivity 2.3 and loss tangent 0.0012. The designed antenna operates at the expected 5G frequency band 60 GHz with a central coaxial probe feed. TwoNMOS switches are configured to generate three different beam patterns. Activating each switch individually results in a near 70 degree shift in the main beam direction, whereas the frequency characteristics are unchanged. The power gains are between 3.9 dB and 4.8dB for the three states of switches configurations. Simulated results in terms of return loss, peak gains and radiation pattern are presented and show a reasonable agreement at the expected 60 GHz bandfor 5G applications.The published journal webpage is no longer available

Design of Frequency Reconfigurable Multiband Compact Antenna using two PIN diodes for WLAN/WiMAX Applications

YesIn this paper, we present a simple reconfigurable multiband antenna with two PIN diode switches for WiMAX/WLAN applications. The antenna permits reconfigurable switching in up to ten frequency bands between 2.2 GHz and 6 GHz, with relative impedance bandwidths of around 2.5% and 8%. The proposed antenna has been simulated using CST microwave studio software and fabricated on an FR-4 substrate. It is compact, with an area of 50 × 45 mm2, and has a slotted ground substrate. Both measured and simulated return loss characteristics of the optimized antenna show that it satisfies the requirement of 2.4/5.8 GHz WLAN and 3.5 GHz WiMAX antenna applications. Moreover, there is good agreement between the measured and simulated result in terms of radiation pattern and gain.Engineering and Physical Science Research Council through Grant EP/E022936A

Prevalence of Anemia, Iron Deficiency Anemia and its Socio-Demographic Factors among Pregnant Women in Garmian Province, Kurdistan region of Iraq

Anemia is the most common hematologic abnormality in pregnancy. Maternal anemia is associated with adverse fetal, neonatal, and childhood outcomes. This study aims to determine the prevalence of anemia, and iron deficiency anemia (IDA), the severity of the condition, and study the effect of some socio-demographic factors on pregnant women in Garmian province. The study was conducted among 157 pregnant women in Garmian province between 17 and 49 years old. Participants completed a questionnaire that included sociodemographic characteristics, disease, and gestational age. A hematological evaluation, including a complete blood count (CBC) and serum for ferritin testing. Results of this study have shown that the prevalence of anemia and IDA were 34.4% and 15.3%, respectively. Almost three-quarters of the pregnant women had mild anemia, while 31 % of the subjects had moderate anemia, and about 60% of the participants were diagnosed with normocytic anemia. The second trimester had the highest prevalence, with 51.9% for the anemic and 45.8% for IDA subjects, while the first trimester showed the lowest prevalence, with 14.8 % for anemic and 12.5% for IDA subjects. Age, occupation, gravidity with anemia, and iron deficiency anemia did not make a significant difference. Moreover, there was no significant difference in blood indices between anemic and IDA participants. The serum ferritin level was unaffected by the pregnancy trimesters

The Design of a Uniplanar Printed Triple Band-Rejected UWB Antenna using Particle Swarm Optimization and the Firefly Algorithm

YesA compact planar monopole antenna is proposed for ultra-wideband applications. The antenna has a microstrip line feed and band-rejected characteristics and consists of a ring patch and partial ground plane with a defective ground structure of rectangular shape. An annular strip is etched above the radiating element and two slots, one C-shaped and one arc-shaped, are embedded in the radiating patch. The proposed antenna has been optimized using bio-inspired algorithms, namely Particle Swarm Optimization and the Firefly Algorithm, based on a new software algorithm (Antenna Optimizer). Multi-objective optimization achieves rejection bands at 3.3 to 3.7 GHz for WiMAX, 5.15 to 5.825 GHz for the 802.11a WLAN system or HIPERLAN/2, and 7.25 to 7.745 GHz for C-band satellite communication systems. Validated results show wideband performance from 2.7 to 10.6 GHz with S11 ˂ -10 dB. The antenna has compact dimensions of 28 × 30 mm2. The radiation pattern is comparatively stable across the operating band with a relatively stable gain except in the notched bands.This work was supported in part by the United Kingdom Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) under Grant EP/E022936A, TSB UK under grant application KTP008734 and the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research