Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus N\u3csup\u3epro\u3c/sup\u3e Suppresses Type I Interferon Pathway Signaling in Bovine Cells and Augments Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infections contribute to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), which is a multi-factorial disorder involving co-infections of viruses and bacteria including mycoplasma. BRDC causes great economic losses to the United States feedlot industry. BVDV infection induces immunosuppression in infected animals. BVDV Npro binds and degrades the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) and effectively blocks type I interferon (type I IFN) expression in host cells. BRSV nonstructural proteins, NS1 and NS2, block activation of IRF-3. In calves, concurrent infection with BVDV and BRSV resulted in more severe clinical signs of disease and extensive lung lesions than infection with either virus alone. The objective of this study was to extend the understanding of the role of the Npro of noncytopathic BVDV-2 (pestivirus B) on type I IFN pathway signaling in bovine turbinate (BT) cells during single and co-infection with BRSV. Based on real-time quantitative-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the BVDV-2 mutant with dysfunctional Npro (BVDV2-E) significantly up-regulated protein kinase R (PKR), TANK-Binding Kinase 1, IRF-3, IRF-7, and interferon-β (IFN-β) mRNAs compared to BVDV-2 wild-type (BVDV2-wt) and BRSV in single and co-infected BT cells. BRSV-infected cells expressed significantly up-regulated PKR, IRF-3, IRF-7, and IFN-β mRNAs, whereas BVDV2-wt, but not BVDV2-E, abolished this up-regulation in co-infection. No significant differences were observed in mitochondrial antiviral signaling, Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), and NIMA-Interacting 1 mRNAs. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that BVDV2-wt significantly increased NF-κB activity compared to BVDV2-E, while BVDV2-E significantly increased IFN-β activity compared to BVDV2-wt. BT cells infected with BVDV2-E produced more IRF-3 protein compared to cells infected with BRSV or BVDV2-wt. The BRSV titer and RNA levels significantly increased in cells co-infected with BRSV/BVDV2-wt compared to cells co-infected with BRSV/BVDV2-E or infected with BRSV alone. BVDV2-E single and co-infected cells synthesized type I IFN significantly higher than BVDV2-wt single and co-infected BT cells. These findings are useful in defining the role of the intact BVDV-2 Npro on type I IFN pathway signaling and support the understanding of the mechanism underlying the synergistic action of BVDV2-wt and BRSV inhibition of type I IFN. The inhibition of BRSV-induced signals by BVDV augments BRSV infection. Advisor: Clayton L. Kelling, Ph.D

Influence of premolar extraction or non-extraction orthodontic therapy on the angular changes of mandibular third molars

Abstract Aim: To compare the angular changes of the third molars relative to the occlusal planeand to the second molar long axis in extraction group and compare these changes with a non extractiongroup.Materials and methods: The study included pre and post treatment panoramic radiographrecords of 90 subjects treated by first premolar extractions and 90 subjects who had been treatedwith non extraction orthodontic therapy (n=90). Two angular variables were measured. Firstly,the angle between the long axis of the third molar and the occlusal plane (M3–OP) and secondly,the angle between the long axis of the third molar and the long axis of the second molar (M3–M2).Data were analyzed by paired and student’s t-test.Result: The analyzed data to assess the changes in the third molar angulation from pretreatmentto post treatment did not vary significantly in both the groups (pdecreased angular values. The M3–OP angular difference was (7.3± 2.45) in extraction group ascompared to (5.85 ± 1.77) in non extraction group. The M3–M2 angular difference of (4.26±3.11) in extraction group and (2.98 ±1.74) in non-extraction group was observedConclusion: Extraction of premolars did not demonstrate considerable changes on the angulationof the third molars. The factors other than premolar extractions may influence the angulationof the third molars.</p

Applications of raman spectroscopy in dentistry part II: Soft tissue analysis

Raman spectroscopy is rapidly moving from an experimental technique for the analysis of biological molecules to a tool for the real-time clinical diagnosis and in situ evaluation of the oral tissue in medical and dental research. The purpose of this study is to identify various applications of Raman spectroscopy, to evaluate the contemporary status and to explore future directions in the field of dentistry. Several in-depth applications are presented to illustrate Raman spectroscopy in early diagnosis of soft tissue abnormalities. Raman spectroscopy allows to analyze histological and biochemical composition of biological tissues. The technique not only demonstrates its role in the disclosure of dysplasia and malignancy but also in performing guided biopsies, diagnosing sialoliths, and assessment of surgical margins. Raman spectroscopy is used to identify the molecular structures and its components to give substantial information about the chemical structure properties of these molecules. In this paper, we acquaint the utilization of Raman spectroscopy in analyzing the soft tissues in relation to dentistry

Knowledge, beliefs, attitude, and practices of E-cigarette use among dental students: A multinational survey

E-cigarette use is a trend worldwide nowadays with mounting evidence on associated morbidities and mortality. Dentists can modify the smoking behaviors of their patients. This study aimed to explore the knowledge, beliefs, attitude, and practice of E-cigarette use among dental students. This multinational, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study recruited undergraduate dental students from 20 dental schools in 11 countries. The outcome variable was current smoking status (non-smoker, E-cigarette user only, tobacco cigarette smoker only, dual user). The explanatory variables were country of residence, sex, age, marital status, and educational level. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the explanatory variables associated with E-cigarette smoking. Of the 5697 study participants, 5156 (90.8%) had heard about E-cigarette, and social media was the most reported source of information for 33.2% of the participants. For the 5676 current users of E-cigarette and/or tobacco smoking, 4.5% use E-cigarette, and 4.6% were dual users. There were significant associations between knowledge and country (P< 0.05), educational level (B = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.21; P = 0.016) and smoking status (P< 0.05). The country of residence (P< 0.05) and smoking status (P< 0.05) were the only statistically significant factors associated with current smoking status. Similarly, there were statistically significant associations between attitude and country (P< 0.05 for one country only compared to the reference) and history of previous E-cigarette exposure (B = -0.52; 95% CI: -0.91, -0.13; P = 0.009). Also, the practice of E-cigarettes was significantly associated with country (P< 0.05 for two countries only compared to the reference) and gender (B = -0.33; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.13; P = 0.001). The knowledge of dental students about E-cigarette was unsatisfactory, yet their beliefs and attitudes were acceptable. Topics about E-cigarette should be implemented in the dental curriculum.Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, for funding through the Vice Deanship of Scientific Research for Research Chairs. Qatar National Library for the open access funding

Oral health practices and self-reported adverse effects of E-cigarette use among dental students in 11 countries: an online survey

Objectives: E-cigarette use has become popular, particularly among the youth. Its use is associated with harmful general and oral health consequences. This survey aimed to assess self-reported oral hygiene practices, oral and general health events, and changes in physiological functions (including physical status, smell, taste, breathing, appetite, etc.) due to E-cigarette use among dental students. Methods: This online, multicounty survey involved undergraduate dental students from 20 dental schools across 11 different countries. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, E-cigarette practices, self-reported complaints, and associated physiological changes due to E-cigarette smoking. Data were descriptively presented as frequencies and percentages. A Chi-square test was used to assess the potential associations between the study group and sub-groups with the different factors. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS at P < 0.05. Results: Most respondents reported regular brushing of their teeth, whereas only 70% used additional oral hygiene aids. Reported frequencies of complaints ranged from as low as 3.3% for tongue inflammation to as high as 53.3% for headache, with significant differences between E-cigarette users and non-users. Compared to non-smokers, E-cigarette users reported significantly higher prevalence of dry mouth (33.1% vs. 23.4%; P < 0.001), black tongue (5.9% vs. 2.8%; P = 0.002), and heart palpitation (26.3%% vs. 22.8%; P = 0.001). Although two-thirds of the sample reported no change in their physiological functions, E-cigarette users reported significant improvement in their physiological functions compared to never smokers or tobacco users. Conclusion: Dental students showed good oral hygiene practices, but E-cigarette users showed a higher prevalence of health complications.Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University. The funder has no role in the design of the study as well as in the methodology, analysis, and interpretation of the data

Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus N\u3csup\u3epro\u3c/sup\u3e Suppresses Type I Interferon Pathway Signaling in Bovine Cells and Augments Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infections contribute to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), which is a multi-factorial disorder involving co-infections of viruses and bacteria including mycoplasma. BRDC causes great economic losses to the United States feedlot industry. BVDV infection induces immunosuppression in infected animals. BVDV Npro binds and degrades the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) and effectively blocks type I interferon (type I IFN) expression in host cells. BRSV nonstructural proteins, NS1 and NS2, block activation of IRF-3. In calves, concurrent infection with BVDV and BRSV resulted in more severe clinical signs of disease and extensive lung lesions than infection with either virus alone. The objective of this study was to extend the understanding of the role of the Npro of noncytopathic BVDV-2 (pestivirus B) on type I IFN pathway signaling in bovine turbinate (BT) cells during single and co-infection with BRSV. Based on real-time quantitative-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the BVDV-2 mutant with dysfunctional Npro (BVDV2-E) significantly up-regulated protein kinase R (PKR), TANK-Binding Kinase 1, IRF-3, IRF-7, and interferon-β (IFN-β) mRNAs compared to BVDV-2 wild-type (BVDV2-wt) and BRSV in single and co-infected BT cells. BRSV-infected cells expressed significantly up-regulated PKR, IRF-3, IRF-7, and IFN-β mRNAs, whereas BVDV2-wt, but not BVDV2-E, abolished this up-regulation in co-infection. No significant differences were observed in mitochondrial antiviral signaling, Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), and NIMA-Interacting 1 mRNAs. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that BVDV2-wt significantly increased NF-κB activity compared to BVDV2-E, while BVDV2-E significantly increased IFN-β activity compared to BVDV2-wt. BT cells infected with BVDV2-E produced more IRF-3 protein compared to cells infected with BRSV or BVDV2-wt. The BRSV titer and RNA levels significantly increased in cells co-infected with BRSV/BVDV2-wt compared to cells co-infected with BRSV/BVDV2-E or infected with BRSV alone. BVDV2-E single and co-infected cells synthesized type I IFN significantly higher than BVDV2-wt single and co-infected BT cells. These findings are useful in defining the role of the intact BVDV-2 Npro on type I IFN pathway signaling and support the understanding of the mechanism underlying the synergistic action of BVDV2-wt and BRSV inhibition of type I IFN. The inhibition of BRSV-induced signals by BVDV augments BRSV infection. Advisor: Clayton L. Kelling, Ph.D

INFLUENCE OF TYPE 2 BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS N\u3csup\u3ePRO\u3c/sup\u3e ON ENHANCEMENT OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS REPLICATION MEDIATED BY ANTAGONISM OF HOST CELL INTERFERON TYPE I RESPONSES

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a member of the genus Pestivirus, Family Flaviviridae. The virus can infect many species of animals of the order Artiodactyla. The BVDV genome encodes an auto protease, Npro, that degrades interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) reducing type I interferon (IFN-I) production from host cells. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a member of the genus Pneumovirus, Family Paramyxoviridae. Concurrent infection with BVDV and BRSV causes more severe respiratory and enteric disease than infection with either virus alone. Our hypothesis was that Npro modulates the innate immune responses to BVDV infection and enhances replication of BVDV or BRSV co-infection. The noncytopathic BVDV2 viruses NY93/c N- Npro 18 EGFP (a mutant with modified Npro fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein), NY93 infectious clone (NY93/c), wild-type NY93-BVDV2 (NY93-wt), and BRSV were evaluated in this study. The objectives of this study were: (1) to characterize the replication kinetics and IFN-I induction in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells following infection with each of the BVDV isolates, and (2) to characterize the influence of BVDV-mediated IFN-I antagonism on enhancement of BRSV replication in bovine turbinate (BT) cells. NY93/c N- Npro 18 EGFP replicated 0.4 – 1.6 TCID50 logs lower than NY93-wt in MDBK cells. NY93/c N- Npro 18 EGFP-infected MDBK cells synthesized IFN-I significantly higher than NY93/c- and NY93-wt-infected MDBK cells. BT cells co-infected with NY93/c N- Npro 18 EGFP/BRSV or NY93-wt/BRSV were evaluated to determine the effects of co-infection on BRSV replication and IFN-I induction in BT cells. BRSV RNA levels in NY93-wt/BRSV co-infected BT cells were 2.49, 2.79, and 2.89 copy number logs significantly greater than in NY93/c N- Npro 18 EGFP/BRSV co-infected BT cells on days 5, 7, and 9 post-infection, respectively. BVDV RNA levels in NY93/c N- Npro 18 EGFP-infected BT cells were 1.64 – 4.38 copy number logs lower than in NY93-wt-infected BT cells. NY93/c N- Npro 18 EGFP single and co-infected BT cells synthesized IFN-I significantly higher than NY93-wt single and co-infected BT cells. In summary, these findings suggest: (1) NY93/c N- Npro 18 EGFP BVDV2 induced higher levels of IFN-I than BVDV2-wt and may be useful as a safer, replicating BVDV vaccine, and (2) Enhancement of BRSV infection by BVDV co-infection is mediated by antagonism of IFN-I

Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Npro Suppresses Type I Inteferon Pathway Signaling in Bovine Cells and Augments Bovine Respiratory Syncytal Virus Replication

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infections contribute to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), which is a multi-factorial disorder involving co-infections of viruses and bacteria including mycoplasma. BRDC causes great economic losses to the United States feedlot industry. BVDV infection induces immunosuppression in infected animals. BVDV Npro binds and degrades the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) and effectively blocks type I interferon (type I IFN) expression in host cells. BRSV nonstructural proteins, NS1 and NS2, block activation of IRF-3. In calves, concurrent infection with BVDV and BRSV resulted in more severe clinical signs of disease and extensive lung lesions than infection with either virus alone. The objective of this study was to extend the understanding of the role of the Npro of noncytopathic BVDV-2 (pestivirus B) on type I IFN pathway signaling in bovine turbinate (BT) cells during single and co-infection with BRSV. Based on real-time quantitative-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the BVDV-2 mutant with dysfunctional Npro (BVDV2-E) significantly up-regulated protein kinase R (PKR), TANK-Binding Kinase 1, IRF-3, IRF-7, and interferon-β (IFN-β) mRNAs compared to BVDV-2 wild-type (BVDV2-wt) and BRSV in single and co-infected BT cells. BRSV-infected cells expressed significantly up-regulated PKR, IRF-3, IRF-7, and IFN-β mRNAs, whereas BVDV2-wt, but not BVDV2-E, abolished this up-regulation in co-infection. No significant differences were observed in mitochondrial antiviral signaling, Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), and NIMA-Interacting 1 mRNAs. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that BVDV2-wt significantly increased NF-κB activity compared to BVDV2-E, while BVDV2-E significantly increased IFN-β activity compared to BVDV2-wt. BT cells infected with BVDV2-E produced more IRF-3 protein compared to cells infected with BRSV or BVDV2-wt. The BRSV titer and RNA levels significantly increased in cells co-infected with BRSV/BVDV2-wt compared to cells co-infected with BRSV/BVDV2-E or infected with BRSV alone. BVDV2-E single and co-infected cells synthesized type I IFN significantly higher than BVDV2-wt single and co-infected BT cells. These findings are useful in defining the role of the intact BVDV-2 Npro on type I IFN pathway signaling and support the understanding of the mechanism underlying the synergistic action of BVDV2-wt and BRSV inhibition of type I IFN. The inhibition of BRSV-induced signals by BVDV augments BRSV infection

Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Npro Suppresses Type I Inteferon Pathway Signaling in Bovine Cells and Augments Bovine Respiratory Syncytal Virus Replication

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infections contribute to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), which is a multi-factorial disorder involving co-infections of viruses and bacteria including mycoplasma. BRDC causes great economic losses to the United States feedlot industry. BVDV infection induces immunosuppression in infected animals. BVDV Npro binds and degrades the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) and effectively blocks type I interferon (type I IFN) expression in host cells. BRSV nonstructural proteins, NS1 and NS2, block activation of IRF-3. In calves, concurrent infection with BVDV and BRSV resulted in more severe clinical signs of disease and extensive lung lesions than infection with either virus alone. The objective of this study was to extend the understanding of the role of the Npro of noncytopathic BVDV-2 (pestivirus B) on type I IFN pathway signaling in bovine turbinate (BT) cells during single and co-infection with BRSV. Based on real-time quantitative-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the BVDV-2 mutant with dysfunctional Npro (BVDV2-E) significantly up-regulated protein kinase R (PKR), TANK-Binding Kinase 1, IRF-3, IRF-7, and interferon-β (IFN-β) mRNAs compared to BVDV-2 wild-type (BVDV2-wt) and BRSV in single and co-infected BT cells. BRSV-infected cells expressed significantly up-regulated PKR, IRF-3, IRF-7, and IFN-β mRNAs, whereas BVDV2-wt, but not BVDV2-E, abolished this up-regulation in co-infection. No significant differences were observed in mitochondrial antiviral signaling, Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), and NIMA-Interacting 1 mRNAs. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that BVDV2-wt significantly increased NF-κB activity compared to BVDV2-E, while BVDV2-E significantly increased IFN-β activity compared to BVDV2-wt. BT cells infected with BVDV2-E produced more IRF-3 protein compared to cells infected with BRSV or BVDV2-wt. The BRSV titer and RNA levels significantly increased in cells co-infected with BRSV/BVDV2-wt compared to cells co-infected with BRSV/BVDV2-E or infected with BRSV alone. BVDV2-E single and co-infected cells synthesized type I IFN significantly higher than BVDV2-wt single and co-infected BT cells. These findings are useful in defining the role of the intact BVDV-2 Npro on type I IFN pathway signaling and support the understanding of the mechanism underlying the synergistic action of BVDV2-wt and BRSV inhibition of type I IFN. The inhibition of BRSV-induced signals by BVDV augments BRSV infection

Bibliometric analysis and evaluation of the Journal of Prosthodontic Research from 2009 to 2021.

The Journal of Prosthodontic Research (JPR), the official Journal of Japan Prosthodontic Society, is a leading prosthodontic journal worldwide, ranking in the first quartile (Q1) with an impact factor of 4.642 according to the Journal Citation Report 2020. JPR publishes on a quarterly basis, and the first issue was published in January 2009. Demonstrating the trends and impact of a journal in its field is essential. One approach to this is the “bibliometric analysis,” through which the core research areas, authors, countries, journal