On the entropy operator for the general SU(1,1) TFD formulation

In this letter, an entropy operator for the general unitary SU(1,1) TFD formulation is proposed and used to lead a bosonic system from zero to finite temperature. Namely, considering the closed bosonic string as the target system, the entropy operator is used to construct the thermal vacuum. The behaviour of such a state under the breve conjugation rules is analized and it was shown that the breve conjugation does not affect thermal effects. From this thermal vacuum the thermal energy, the entropy and the free energy of the closed bosonic string are calculated and the apropriated thermal distribution for the system is found after the free energy minimization.Comment: 13 pages, revtex4, minor typos corrected, references adde

Duality between coordinates and Dirac field

The duality between the Cartesian coordinates on the Minkowski space-time and the Dirac field is investigated. Two distinct possibilities to define this duality are shown to exist. In both cases, the equations satisfied by prepotentials are of second order.Comment: 4 pages, REVTeX, two typos in references were corrected, to be published in Phys. Lett.

Efeito da suplementação alimentar no início da puberdade em novilhas brasileiras

Most Brazilian dairy production is conducted by small holders whose general management skills and feeding programs are often deficient. One common problem directly attributed to underfeeding is that heifers rarely reach sexual maturity before 15 months of age. Groups of growing heifers were treated to detect the effects of protein supplementation and antihelmintic treatment on sexual maturity. The first ovulation occurred at 513 &plusmn; 44 and 573 &plusmn; 36 days (PA maior parte da produção de leite no Brasil é fornecida por pequenos proprietários cujos programas de alimentação e manejo são freqüentemente deficientes. Um problema freqüente diretamente relacionado com a subnutrição é que raramente uma novilha atinge a maturidade sexual antes dos 15 meses de idade. Grupos de novilhas foram tratadas para detectar os efeitos da suplementação proteica e tratamento antihelmíntico sobre a maturidade sexual. A primeira ovulação ocorreu 513 &plusmn; 44 e 573 &plusmn; 36 dias (P < 0,01) nos grupos suplementados e controle, respectivamente. Os ganhos de peso vivo do início do ensaio à primeira ovulação foram 378 &plusmn; 0,02 e 331 &plusmn; 0,04g para os grupos suplementados (S) e controle (C). Somente 52,17% das novilhas no grupo C (11 em 23) mas 95,65% no grupo S (22 em 23) alcançaram a maturidade sexual antes de 18 meses de idade (

Superstring in a pp-wave background at finite temperature - TFD approach

A thermodynamical analysis for the type IIB superstring in a pp-wave background is considered. The thermal Fock space is built and the temperature SUSY breaking appears naturally by analyzing the thermal vacuum. All the thermodynamical quantities are derived by evaluating matrix elements of operators in the thermal Fock space. This approach seems to be suitable to study thermal effects in the BMN correspondence context.Comment: 15 pages, revtex4, references added, typos correcte

Entanglement and entropy operator for strings in pp-wave time dependent background

In this letter new aspects of string theory propagating in a pp-wave time dependent background with a null singularity are explored. It is shown the appearance of a 2d entanglement entropy dynamically generated by the background. For asymptotically flat observers, the vacuum close to the singularity is unitarily inequivalent to the vacuum at $\tau = -\infty$ and it is shown that the 2d entanglement entropy diverges close to this point. As a consequence, the positive time region is inaccessible for observers in $\tau =-\infty$. For a stationary measure, the vacuum at finite time is seen by those observers as a thermal state and the information loss is encoded as a heat bath of string states.Comment: revtex4, 15 pages, revised version to appear in Physics Letters

Fontes não convencionais de fósforo para gado zebu no Brasil

To evaluate non-conventional phosphorus sources, a group of 400 Nellore cows mantained under pasture received a mineral mixture with different P sources (group I: superphosphate - 500 ppm P; group II: superphosphate - 340 ppm P plus rock phosphate Patos 160 ppm P; group III: superphosphate 340 ppm P plus dicalcium phosphate 160 ppm P; group IV - dicalcium phosphate 500 ppm P). There were no differences in pregnancy rate, calving rate and calving interval. A fluorine deposition in bone was observed for the treatments with superphosphate and rock phosphate (66.92 &plusmn; 15.53; 69.97 &plusmn; 6.5 and 64.05 &plusmn; 3.35% respectively for group I, II and III). Superphosphate was almost as good dicalcium phosphate to provide phosphorus for grazing cows and there was a potentially significant economic advantage over dicalcium phosphate.Quatrocentas vacas Nelore, mantidas em pastagem, receberam mistura mineral contendo fontes não convencionais de fósforo (grupo I - 500 ppm P-superfosfato triplo; grupo II - 340 ppm P como superfosfato e 160 ppm P como rocha Patos; grupo III - 340 ppm P como superfosfato e 160 ppm P como fosfato bicálcico; grupo IV -500 ppm P como fosfato bicálcico). Não se verificou diferenças na taxa de prenhez, porcentagem de nascimento e intervalo entre partos. Observou-se que houve maior concentração de flúor nos ossos para o tratamento com fosfato de rocha. O superfosfato triplo apresentou-se como fonte adequada de P e mostrou vantagem econômica em relação ao bicálcico

Observer dependent D-brane for strings propagating in pp-wave time dependent background

We study type IIB superstring in the pp-wave time-dependent background, which has a singularity at $t=0$. We show that this background can provide a toy model to study some ideas related to the stretched horizon paradigm and the complementary principle of black holes. To this end, we construct a unitary Bogoliubov generator which relates the asymptotically flat string Hilbert space, defined at $t =\pm \infty$, to the finite time Hilbert space. For asymptotically flat observers, the closed string vacuum close to the singularity appears as a boundary state which is in fact a D-brane described in the closed string channel. However, observers who go with the string towards to the singularity see the original vacuum.Comment: 12 pages, revtex 4, added references, corrected mistake

Reinício da atividade ovariana no pós-parto em vacas holandesas do rebanho da ESALQ

Foram determinados os perfis de progesterona no leite desnatado, em 32 vacas da raça Holandesa no pós-parto até a primeira ovulação no período de 1986 e 1987. A linha divisória das fases folicular e luteínica dos teores de progesterona foi estimada em l,12mg/ml. Ficou evidenciado que não há diferença no tempo da primeira ovulação no pós-parto (36,83 ± 18,92 dias) para vacas holandesas criadas em clima tropical ou temperado.With the aid of the radioimmunoassay technique, the progesterone profile of 32 cows and their reproductive performance were studied. It was estimated that the base line between folicular and luteal phase was 1,12 ng (P4)/ml of skim milk. The first ovulation in postpartum occured within 36.83 ± 18.92 days. The authors suggested that there is no difference in time required to restart the ovarian function in the postpartum of animals in tropical or temperate climate

Postpartum ovarian activity in dairy cows using radioimmunoassay for milk progesterone determination

A private farm was used to study the postpartum ovarian activity in dairy cows in São Paulo State. Milk samples were collected from 26 animals, twice weekly for one year to monitor the progesterone profile using the radioimmunoassay in detecting the first oestrus in postpartum. The percentage incidence of cows with detectable ovarian activity was 61.1% for animals 31 to 60 days postpartum.Com o intuito de determinar o reinício da atividade ovariana no pós-parto em vacas leiteiras, foi realizado um estudo em uma propriedade particular na região de Rio das Pedras, São Paulo. Durante 12 meses, amostras de leite foram coletadas semanalmente e o teor de progesterona determinado através de radioimunoensaio. Observou-se que 26,6% das vacas permaneceram em anestro e que ocorreram falhas nas observações de cio. A maioria dos animais (61,1%) apresentou atividade ovariana com 31 à 60 dias de pós-parto

Absorption and quasinormal modes of classical fields propagating on 3D and 4D de Sitter spacetime

We extensively study the exact solutions of the massless Dirac equation in 3D de Sitter spacetime that we published recently. Using the Newman-Penrose formalism, we find exact solutions of the equations of motion for the massless classical fields of spin s=1/2,1,2 and to the massive Dirac equation in 4D de Sitter metric. Employing these solutions, we analyze the absorption by the cosmological horizon and de Sitter quasinormal modes. We also comment on the results given by other authors.Comment: 31 page