Physicochemical Properties of Probiotic Soy milk Chocolate Mousse During Refrigerated Storage

Background and Objective: Recently, several researchers have shown the benefits deriving from probiotic products containing lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in their formulation. The purpose of this study was to develop a probiotic chocolate mousse using milk and soy milk in formulation with regard to survival of probiotic bacteria and sensorial acceptance during 21 days. Material and Methods: Nine functional probiotic chocolate mousse formulations were produced by milk, milk/soy milk and soy milk and 3 probiotic strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus; Lactobacillus paracasei; Bifidobacteriumlactis). ThepH, acidity, survival of microbial strains, rheological and sensory properties of all treatments were monitored during 21 days refrigerated storage (4°C). Results and Conclusion: The pH drop rate and acidity increase rate of all samples were significant during 21 days of storage (p≤0.05). There was a significant increase in the probiotic bacteria of all samples during 21 days of storage at 4°C (p≤0.05). However, the rate of probiotics growth was accelerated in formulation prepared with soy milk and milk/soy milk (1:1) in the chocolate mousse at day 7 and 14. Rheological experiment demonstrated that all samples known as viscoelastic solid dessert had shear-thinning behavior. In conclusion, chocolate dessert including soy milk as well as milk was shown to be more effective vehicle for delivery of probiotics, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidobacteriumlactis. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest

Story of Brominated Flame Retardants: Substance Flow Analysis of PBDEs from Use to Waste

The main goal of this study was to understand the fate of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), particularly PBDEs, during the life cycle of BFR-containing products. PBDEs were added to the Stockholm Convention list of chemicals to be eliminated. The migration of BFRs from products and their partitioning to dust results in human exposure through dust ingestion and inhalation. Moreover, during the use of BFR-containing products, direct contact with these products can lead to human exposure. With the proliferation of BFRs as PBDE alternatives, identifying the product source of these chemicals is essential to minimize the risk associated with the exposure. In this research, a rapid and non-destructive method was developed to identify and to some extent quantify BFRs used in consumer products. The next step towards the management of these chemicals is to estimate the time course by which these chemicals will remain in use. Based on consumption patterns of PBDE-containing products, the time-dependent stock of PBDEs contained in in-use products was estimated for the U.S. and Canada from 1970 to 2020. Considering only the first lifespan of products, the stock of PBDEs was estimated to be ~120,000 t in 2014 and it is estimated that by 2020, ~ 60% of this stock will remain in products in the use phase. Although the flow of PBDE-containing products to the waste phase started to decline following 2008, this flow will continue as these products reach their end of life and enter the waste phase. As these products leave the first use phase, their accumulation in storage and waste phases will continue to act as sources of PBDEs to the surrounding environment with annual emission rate of 0.3-4 tonnes路y-1 between 1970 and 2020. Thus, the management of BFR-containing products deserves more attention as the mismanagement of these products, especially waste electronics, has led to undesirable and irreversible global environmental consequences. The results of this dissertation suggest that current waste management programs in the U.S. and Canada are challenged to deal with influx of e-waste in the near future.Ph.D

Global Historical Stocks and Emissions of PBDEs

The first spatially and temporally resolved inventory of BDE28, 47, 99, 153, 183, and 209 in the anthroposphere and environment is presented here. The stock and emissions of PBDE congeners were estimated using a dynamic substance flow analysis model, CiP-CAFE. To evaluate our results, the emission estimates were used as input to the BETR-Global model. Estimated concentrations were compared with observed concentrations in air from background areas. The global (a) in-use and (b) waste stocks of ∑5BDE­(28, 47, 99, 153, 183) and BDE209 are estimated to be (a) ∼25 and 400 kt and (b) 13 and 100 kt, respectively, in 2018. A total of 6 (0.3–13) and 10.5 (9–12) kt of ∑5BDE and BDE209, respectively, has been emitted to the atmosphere by 2018. More than 70% of PBDE emissions during production and use occurred in the industrialized regions, while more than 70% of the emissions during waste disposal occurred in the less industrialized regions. A total of 70 kt of ∑5BDE and BDE209 was recycled within products since 1970. As recycling rates are expected to increase under the circular economy, an additional 45 kt of PBDEs (mainly BDE209) may reappear in new products

Stocks and Flows of PBDEs in Products from Use to Waste in the U.S. and Canada from 1970 to 2020

The time-dependent stock of PBDEs contained in in-use products (excluding building materials and large vehicles) was estimated for the U.S. and Canada from 1970 to 2020 based on product consumption patterns, PBDE contents, and product lifespan. The stocks of penta- and octaBDE peaked in in-use products at 17 000 (95% confidence interval: 6000–70 000) and 4000 (1000–50 000) tonnes in 2004, respectively, and for decaBDE at 140 000 (40 000–300 000) tonnes in 2008. Products dominating PBDE usage were polyurethane foam used in furniture (65% of pentaBDE), casings of electrical and electronic equipment or EEE (80% of octaBDE), and EEE and automotive seating (35% of decaBDE for each category). The largest flow of PBDEs in products, excluding automotive sector, to the waste phase occurred between 2005 and 2008 at ∼10 000 tonnes per year. Total consumption of penta-, octa-, and decaBDE from 1970 to 2020 in products considered was estimated at ∼46 000, ∼25 000, and ∼380 000 tonnes, respectively. Per capita usage was estimated at 10–250, 10–150, and 200–2000 g·capita^–1·y^–1 for penta-, octa-, and decaBDE, respectively, over the time span. Considering only the first use (no reuse and/or storage) of PBDE-containing products, approximately 60% of the stock of PBDEs in 2014 or ∼70 000 tonnes, of which 95% is decaBDE, will remain in the use phase in 2020. Total emissions to air of all PBDEs from the in-use product stock was estimated at 70–700 tonnes between 1970 and 2020, with annual emissions of 0.4–4 tonnes·y^–1 for each of penta- and octaBDE and 0.35–3.5 tonnes·y^–1 for decaBDE in 2014

Global occurrence, chemical properties, and ecological impacts of e-wastes (IUPAC technical report)

The waste stream of obsolete electronic equipment grows exponentially, creating a worldwide pollution and resource problem. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) comprises a heterogeneous mix of glass, plastics (including flame retardants and other additives), metals (including rare earth elements) and metalloids. The e-waste issue is complex and multi-faceted. In examining the different aspects of e-waste, informal recycling in developing countries has been identified as a primary concern due to widespread illegal shipments, weak environmental as well as health and safety regulations, lack of technology and inadequate waste treatment structure. For example, Nigeria, Ghana, India, Pakistan and China have all been identified as hotspots for the disposal of e-waste. This article presents a critical examination on the chemical nature of e-waste and the resulting environmental impacts on, for example, microbial biodiversity, flora and fauna in e-waste recycling sites around the world. It highlights the different types of risk assessment approaches required when evaluating the ecological impact of e-waste. Additionally, it presents examples of chemistry playing a role in potential solutions. The information presented here will be informative to relevant stakeholders to devise integrated management strategies to tackle this global environmental concern