Carbon Capture & Storage Deployment in Iran

AbstractBased on International Energy Agency studies, achievement of 450ppm CO2-equivalent emission target in global emission means that the CO2 emissions in 2050 must be reduced to %50 of 2005 level, and this implies that a portfolio of emission reduction policies and strategies need to be exploited through current century.At the present time, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technology is a dominant strategy among all the long-term carbon abatement strategies in many countries. Nevertheless, its potential as a climate mitigating option will be proved, only if it is implemented in the countries which are developing at a great pace and taking advantage of fossil fuels in order to afford their energy demands. As regards Iran is ranked as the eighth great CO2 emitter country worldwide, it is quite a qualified option for CCS implementation as an emission mitigation solution.In this essay, first of all, an analytical framework is expanded which is covering the evaluation of CCS deployment determinants in Iran. At the second step, barriers against deployment of this technology and also, the required solutions and policies are discussed. Finally, three scenarios for CCS development process in Iran are depicted on the basis of IPCC Emission Scenarios (SRES), considering the aforementioned policies. By means of these scenarios, contribution and deployment status of this technology in the oncoming Energy System of Iran will be assessed

Optimal electricity supply system under Iranian framework limitations to meet its emission pledge under the Paris climate agreement

As part of its Paris Agreement commitment, Iran pledged to decrease 4 percent of its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from 2020 to 2030. About 29% of total emission in Iran belongs to electricity supply while energy consumption in other sectors (transport, household, and industry) have a lower share in CO2 emission. The main concern here is finding the optimal mix of power plants in the electricity supply system that should be deployed to meet Iran’s mentioned respective targets. So, we developed a non-linear mathematical programming model for Iran’s electricity system to address this concern. Results show that a 10-20% diffusion of renewable energy and converting gas turbine power plants to gas combined cycle technology with 5% annual rate can satisfy Iran’s emissions pledge under the Paris Climate Accord. Finally, this model has been run for years between 2017-2030. Four scenarios have also been prepared based on different Iranian Five-Year Development Plans

Insecure Employment Contracts during the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Need for Participation in Policy Making

Job security influences the ability of nurses to provide high-quality nursing care. The Iranian health system has always faced nursing shortages, and the COVID-19 pandemic has worsened this situation. Although nurses have been labelled ‘heroes’ across the globe, many of them have been hired using insecure employment contracts. This commentary aims to describe issues surrounding job contracts for Iranian nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and discusses how the current situation can be improved. Iranian nurses are at the frontline of the fight against COVID-19 and need to receive better support in terms of job security and dignity. They should participate more in policymaking activities to improve their job condition and prevent the development and implementation of the short-term and insecure job contracts that lead to job insecurity

The impact of tillage systems and crop residues on microbial mass and soil structure stability indices

Aim of study: This research investigated the effects of management practices, including plant residues and tillage practices, on soil stability indices, microbial biomass carbon, and the number of bacteria.Area of study: Northern Khorasan Province, Iran.Material and methods: This study explored the effects of the three year-old tillage systems of conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT) at three levels 0, 40, and 70% of plant residues on soil physical and microbiological properties for a rotation of three years (wheat, canola, and wheat). Variables measured in this study included the whole soil stability index, the normalized stability index, the percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD), the number of bacteria, and microbial biomass carbon.Main results: Management practices could affect variables, such as soil structure stability as well as the number of bacteria. The results also showed that soils of higher stability were more resistant to soil degradation. In addition, by reducing tillage and adding plant residues, the PAD index decreased significantly. NT and MT practices improved soil structure stability indices and significantly increased the number of bacteria as well as microbial biomass carbon in contrast to CT, what could be attributed to the increased soil organic matter.Research highlights: Reduced tillage practices showed the potential for enhancing soil physical quality only through improving aggregate stability. Therefore, NT with 70% residue retention was found to be suitable to improve soil sustainability indices and increased soil microbial population

Qualitative exploration of sexual life among breast cancer survivors at reproductive age

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Changes and challenges in sexual life experienced by the husbands of women with breast cancer: a qualitative study

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Application of Rational Second Kind Chebyshev Functions for System of Integrodifferential Equations on Semi-Infinite Intervals

Rational Chebyshev bases and Galerkin method are used to obtain the approximate solution of a system of high-order integro-differential equations on the interval [0,∞). This method is based on replacement of the unknown functions by their truncated series of rational Chebyshev expansion. Test examples are considered to show the high accuracy, simplicity, and efficiency of this method

Studying the tendency of citizens to participate in the protection and development of land scape in Tehran

Today, as an essential part and parcel of urban landscape that they play a major role in metabolism and create a lack of serious damage to urban life. This study performed to investigate the willingness of citizens to participate in activities to protect and develop landscapeof Tehran district 4. The research was descriptive and correlation method that is used for collecting information. The statistical population consisted of district 4 of Tehran. The sample size was determined 230 by using Cochrane method. A questionnaire was used to collect data. According to the research, 63.04 percent of citizens showed participation in a high level. Among the variables investigated how citizen participation in conservation and development of landscape, effective strategies to motivate citizens to participate,the reasons for lack of cooperation and participation of citizens learn about gardening and landscaping,introductory training centers with the desire of citizens to participate in municipal plants open landscape had a significant relationship and stepwise regression analysis results showed that four variableseffective strategies to motivate citizens to participate,method to involve citizens in the landscape,the reasons for lack of cooperation and participation of citizens familiar with gardening and landscaping activities have on the willingness of citizens to participate effectively

A systematic review of the effect of lavender on cancer complications

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The Study of Different Factors' Effects on the Oil Futures Price by Applying Agent-based Model

An agent-based model is employed for simulating the price of oil futures. The model proceeds as follows: On each time step agents choose their rule for price expectation formation. Next, they bid and ask based on their price and trend expectations. The new price is formed using “the market mechanism”. Finally, the time steps forward and the process is repeated in the next day. The agents use 6 different rules to make price and trend expectations. Brent future prices in a 2-year-period (2010 to 2011) and in 2012 are used for model calibration and validation, respectively. It was shown that market participants weigh U.S. stocks data more than other factors, while OECD stock's data were not that important for the market. It was also inferred that the market does not weigh the technical aspects of the oil price as much as the fundamental aspects. Keywords: Agent-based model, oil price, technical/fundamental rule JEL Classifications: C4, C5, Q3, Q