Guerre et paix en islam : naissance et évolution d'une théorie

Titre du fascicule : Les discours de la guerreThe Jihad is far from being the holy war described in a large number of current discourses. It is neither the one hosting the medieval western and oriental imaginary nor the empty shell advocated by some torturers and contemporary religious groups. A textual study shows why Islam has integrated the themes of war and peace within the scope of a particular vision of human existence called Jihad. The legal theories of war and peace made up in the period between the seventh and the twelfth centuries reflect the interaction between the authorities (textual, institutional and legal, etc.) and the real world."Le gihad est loin d'être la guerre sainte décrite dans de nombreux discours actuels ou investie par l'imaginaire médiéval occidental ou oriental, ni la coquille vide présentée par certains tortionnaires ou groupes religieux actuels. Une étude textuelle montre pourquoi l'islam a intégré les thèmes de la guerre et de la paix dans une vision particulière de l'existence humaine nommée « jihad ». Les théories juridiques de la guerre, formées entre les 7[e] et le 12[e] siècles apparaissent comme le reflet de l'interaction entre les autorités (textuelles, institutionnelles, juridiques, etc.) et le réel." http://mots.revues.org/index15792.htm

Une cartographie de domaine pour guider la construction d'une ressource sémantique

National audienceDans cet article, nous proposons une méthode d'aide à l'ingénieur de la connaissance pour construire un modèle sémantique (terminologie ou ontologie) pour un domaine particulier. Cette méthode repose sur l'utilisation de ressources sémantiques disponibles pour représenter une vue synthétique du domaine à modéliser. La méthode proposée se fonde sur les phases suivantes : modularisation, alignement et raisonnement. Le texte sert de support aux différentes phases

Evaluating semantic classes used for ontology building and learning from texts

International audienceA large effort has been devoted to the development of ontology building tools but it is still difficult to assess their strengths and limitations. Proposed evaluations are hardly reproducible and there is a lack of well- accepted protocols and data. In this paper, we propose to decompose the evaluation of ontology acquisition process into independent functionalities. We focus on the evaluation of semantic class acquisition considered as a main step in the ontology acquisition process. We propose an approach to automatically evaluate semantic classes of ontologies that offer lexical entries for concepts. It is based on the comparative paradigm (to a gold standard). Its main focus is to compare how similar the generated semantic classes are to the gold standard concerning the disposition of concepts frontiers. This comparison relies on the lexical level and on the hierarchical structure of the "gold" concepts. The propositions are implemented, two experiments are settled on different domains and prove that the measures give a more accurate information on quality of systems' performances

Characterizing Modular Ontologies

International audienceSince large monolithic ontologies are di cult to handle and reuse ontology modularization has attracted increasing attention. Several approaches and tools have been developed to support ontology modularization. Despite these e orts, a lack of knowledge about characteristics of modularly organized ontologies prevents further development. This work aims at characterizing modular ontologies. Therefore, we analyze existing modular ontologies by applying selected metrics from software engineering in order to identify recurring structures, i.e. patterns in modularly organized ontologies. The contribution is a set of four patterns which characterize modularly organized ontologies

The antibacterial activity of date syrup polyphenols against S. aureus and E. coli

Plant-derived products such as date syrup have demonstrated antibacterial activity and can inhibit bacteria through numerous different mechanisms, which may be attributed to bioactive compounds including plant-derived phenolic molecules. Date syrup is rich in polyphenols and this study hypothesized that date syrup polyphenols demonstrate inherent antimicrobial activity, which cause oxidative damage. This investigation revealed that date syrup has a high content of total polyphenols (605 mg/100g), and is rich in tannins (357 mg/100g), flavonoids (40.5 mg/100g) and flavanols (31.7 mg/100g) that are known potent antioxidants. Furthermore, date syrup, and polyphenols extracted from date syrup, the most abundant bioactive constituent of date syrup are bacteriostatic to both Gram positive and Gram negative Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. It has further been shown that the extracted polyphenols independently suppress the growth of bacteria at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 30 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL for E. coli and S. aureus, and have observed that date syrup behaves as a prooxidant by generating hydrogen peroxide that mediates bacterial growth inhibition as a result of oxidative stress. At sub-lethal MIC concentrations date syrup demonstrated antioxidative activity by reducing hydrogen peroxide, and at lethal concentrations date syrup demonstrated prooxidant activity that inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. The high sugar content naturally present in date syrup did not significantly contribute to this effect. These findings highlight that date syrup’s antimicrobial activity is mediated through hydrogen peroxide generation in inducing oxidative stress in bacteria

Daniella Talmon-Heller, Islamic Piety in Medieval Syria. Mosques, Cemeteries and Sermons under the Zangids and Ayyūbids (1146-1260)

L’une des difficultés majeures que l’historien médiéviste doit surmonter est de reconstituer le passé à partir de données partielles et souvent partiales. Il lui appartient de les regrouper et de les analyser avec le plus grand soin, car elles seules lui permettent d’imaginer le monde mouvant et lointain qu’il s’est choisi comme objet d’étude. À tout instant, il jongle plus ou moins habilement entre la déduction et l’imagination. Déduire donc d’autant plus lorsque l’histoire qu’il s’attache à..

Les croisades en Orient. Histoire, mémoires

Cet article se penche sur la façon dont le phénomène croisade fut perçu, en Orient, et sur les traces qu’il y laissa dans la conscience collective. Au cours du XIIe siècle, la croisade fut progressivement comprise dans sa singularité. Mais elle fut aussi interprétée comme un épisode de l’affrontement séculaire entre l’islam et la chrétienté. Une mémoire de la croisade se diffusa, qui mêlait sentiment d’agression et fierté d’y avoir résisté grâce à un recentrage sur la piété et le djihad, et au respect du pouvoir établi. Après la fin des États latins d’Orient, cette mémoire s’enrichit d’autres épisodes de la lutte entre les chrétiens et les musulmans. À l’époque ottomane, elle resurgit avec force chaque fois que les tensions entre des musulmans et des Européens furent vives.This paper aims at studying how the Crusade phenomenon was seen in the East, and its mark on the collective memory. During the twelfth century, the Crusades were gradually understood in its singular way. But it was also considered as an episode of an old confrontation between Islam and Christendom. A memory of the Crusades spread. This memory was mixed with a feeling of aggression and the pride of having resisted through a refocusing on piety and djihad, and through the respect for the established power. After the end of the Crusader states, this memory was enriched with other episodes of the struggle between the Christians and the Muslims. During the Ottoman period, this memory was revived each time the tensions between the Muslims and the Europeans were strong.Questo articolo prende in esame il modo in cui in Oriente il fenomeno crociato fu percepito, e le tracce che ha lasciato nella coscienza collettiva. Durante il sec. XII, la Crociata fu progressivamente compresa nella sua singolarità. Ma essa fu interpretata anche come un episodio dello scontro secolare tra l’Islam e la Cristianità. Si diffuse così una memoria della Crociata che mescolava sentimenti di ostilità e la fierezza di avervi rinunziato grazie a un ritorno alla pietà e alla jihad, e al rispetto del potere stabilito. Dopo la fine degli Stati latini d’Oriente, questa memoria si arricchisce di ulteriori episodi della lotta tra musulmani e cristiani. In epoca poi ottomana, essa torna con forza tutte le volte che si inasprivano le tensioni tra musulmani ed Europei

John France, Hattin

Les travaux de John France sur l’histoire militaire des croisades font aujourd’hui largement autorité. Il était donc particulièrement qualifié pour rédiger cette histoire de la célèbre bataille de Ḥaṭṭīn (4 juillet 1187), à l’issue de laquelle les armées de Saladin défirent celles du roi de Jérusalem, Guy de Lusignan. La victoire du sultan musulman fut totale. Il en profita pour, en quelques mois, réduire le royaume de Jérusalem à peau de chagrin. Le 2 octobre 1187, il s’emparait même de Jéru..

May Timothy, The Mongol art of War. Chinggis khan and the Mongol Military System

Assurément, le titre est signe. Celui de l’ouvrage (en partie tiré de sa thèse de doctorat) - publié par Timothy May est on ne peut plus explicite : il y eut bien un « art de la guerre » et un « système militaire » propres aux Mongols, qui ne formaient pas les hordes armées indisciplinées et adeptes d’une violence désincarnée que si souvent l’on s’est plu à décrire. Non qu’une telle image soit toujours prégnante, au moins parmi les spécialistes du fait militaire médiéval. L’on sait cependant ..