Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) promotes inflammation to a greater extent in human adipocytes compared to preadipocytes

Due to the increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes among children and adults worldwide, it is imperative to identify dietary strategies that promote weight control. One potential anti-obesity compound is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), sold worldwide for weight loss. However, the safety and efficacy of this supplement remains questionable. Current research shows that, in addition to reducing fat mass, trans-10,cis-12 (10,12) CLA supplementation in animals and some humans leads to insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, or fatty liver. In vitro studies suggest that 10,12 CLA causes inflammation in primary cultures of human adipocytes by increasing mitogen activated extracellular kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase (MEK/ERK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFêB) signaling, which impairs glucose and fatty acid uptake and utilization. However, the link between inflammatory signaling in primary cultures of human adipocytes and CLA-mediated delipidation has not been fully characterized. Additionally, the particular cell type (i.e., preadipoyctes vs. adipocytes) responsible for 10,12 CLA-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in white adipose tissue is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the cell type responsible for 10,12 CLA-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in cultures of newly differentiated human adipocytes (Aim 1), and to identify the specific upstream mechanisms involved (Aim 2). To examine Aim 1, inflammatory gene expression and protein secretion, prostaglandin secretion, or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cJun phosphorylation was measured in adipocytes vs. preadipocytes in four distinct cell culture models. To examine Aim 2, chemical inhibitors were employed to determine the role of protein kinases, including the MAPK cJun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) in 10,12 CLA-mediated inflammatory signaling and insulin resistance in newly differentiated primary human adipocytes. Collectively, results from this project reveal that 10,12 CLA instigates release of inflammatory signals from adipocytes that subsequently activate adjacent preadipocytes. Mechanisms of 10,12 CLA-mediated inflammatory signaling and insulin resistance involve activation of the protein kinases JNK and DGKs. These findings are expected to contribute critical insights for the development of safe and effective therapeutic strategies for weight control

Studies toward in vitro reconstitution of plant chromatin

To study the relation between chromatin structure and DNA function in detail it is necessary to have an in vitro procedure for assembling nucleosomes on a naked DNA template with properties similar to native chromatin. Such procedures exist for yeast and animal model systems but have not been developed for plants. The goal of this project was to lay the groundwork for developing a chromatin assembly extract from plants. Extracts from various plant materials were tested to determine their suitability for chromatin reconstitution. Tissues from plants are thought to have much higher levels of protease and nuclease activities than those of animals or yeast. Therefore, methods to determine the relative activity of proteases and nucleases had to be developed to determine if the template DNA, histones, and chromatin assembly proteins could survive the chromatin assembly reaction. Additionally, methods to streamline the isolation of maize nuclei and purification of histones were developed. This work lays the foundation for future research that could result in extracts to reconstitute plant chromatin in vitro

Ultrafast laser welding of ceramics.

Welding of ceramics is a key missing component in modern manufacturing. Current methods cannot join ceramics in proximity to temperature-sensitive materials like polymers and electronic components. We introduce an ultrafast pulsed laser welding approach that relies on focusing light on interfaces to ensure an optical interaction volume in ceramics to stimulate nonlinear absorption processes, causing localized melting rather than ablation. The key is the interplay between linear and nonlinear optical properties and laser energy-material coupling. The welded ceramic assemblies hold high vacuum and have shear strengths comparable to metal-to-ceramic diffusion bonds. Laser welding can make ceramics integral components in devices for harsh environments as well as in optoelectronic and/or electronic packages needing visible-radio frequency transparency

A Comparison of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Three Diagnostic Tests for ACL Lesions

In Volume 3, Issue 1 of the JSMAHS you will find Professional research abstracts, as well as Under Graduate student research abstracts, case reports, and critically appraised topics. Thank you for viewing this 3rd Annual OATA Special Edition

Memoirs of Ruth Hooper

This edition was created from the manuscript of the Memoirs of Ruth Hooper, as well as images from the accompanying materials contained on Western Carolina University’s Digital Collections website. As a whole manuscript, Ruth Hooper’s memoirs detail events related to her life, as well as her marriage to W. Carr Hooper. The manuscript begins by telling details of her life with W. Carr Hooper in the Philippines of the 1930s. The document also covers events related to the beginning of World War II, the couple’s time spent as prisoners in the Japanese-run Santo Tomas Internment Camp, and of the camp’s liberation in 1945 by the United States military. A vast majority of Ruth Hooper’s memoirs (including the entirety of my assigned section) relates to the details surrounding the Santo Tomas camp: through both depictions of daily life and general goings-on in the camp. Hooper’s manuscript has a unique tone of voice, which says many things about the experiences of Santo Tomas internees. Living there under Japanese control was not easy, and the amount of malnutrition in the camp was exceedingly tragic. Yet despite all of this, the Hoopers (as well as many others in the camp) were determined to make it through until their liberation day

Expression of bacterial virulence factors and cytokines during in vitro macrophage infection by enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri: a comparative study

Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and Shigellaspp cause bacillary dysentery in humans by invading and multiplying within epithelial cells of the colonic mucosa. Although EIEC and Shigellashare many genetic and biochemical similarities, the illness caused by Shigellais more severe. Thus, genomic and structure-function molecular studies on the biological interactions of these invasive enterobacteria with eukaryotic cells have focused on Shigella rather than EIEC. Here we comparatively studied the interactions of EIEC and of Shigella flexneriwith cultured J774 macrophage-like cells. We evaluated several phenotypes: (i) bacterial escape from macrophages after phagocytosis, (ii) macrophage death induced by EIEC and S. flexneri, (iii) macrophage cytokine expression in response to infection and (iv) expression of plasmidial (pINV) virulence genes. The results showed thatS. flexneri caused macrophage killing earlier and more intensely than EIEC. Both pathogens induced significant macrophage production of TNF, IL-1 and IL-10 after 7 h of infection. Transcription levels of the gene invasion plasmid antigen-C were lower in EIEC than in S. flexneri throughout the course of the infection; this could explain the diminished virulence of EIEC compared to S. flexneri.FAPES

DNA methylation testing with S5 for triage of high-risk HPV positive women

Methylation of host and viral genes is promising for triage of women with high‐risk human papillomavirus infections (hrHPV). Using a population‐based sample of hrHPV positive women with cervical biopsies within 12 months after cervical screening, the clinical value of the S5 methylation classifier (S5), HPV genotyping and cytology were compared as potential triage tests, for outcomes of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 or greater (CIN3+), CIN2+ and CIN2, and the area under the curve (AUC) calculated. S5 scores increased with histopathology severity (P (trend) < .001). For CIN3+, the AUC was 0.780 suggesting S5 provides good discrimination between <CIN3 and CIN3+. AUCs were significant for all pairwise comparisons of <CIN2, CIN2 and CIN3+ (P < .001). The positive predictive value (PPV) of HPV16/18 genotyping for women with any abnormal cytology was greater than S5 (25.36% vs 20.87%, P = .005) for CIN3+, while sensitivity was substantially greater for S5 (83.33% vs 59.28%, P < .001). Restricting to women with abnormal cytology, but excluding those with high‐grade cytology, both S5 and HPV16/18 provided CIN3+ PPVs high enough to recommend colposcopy. Triage with S5 also appeared useful for hrHPV positive women negative for HPV16/18 (CIN3+ PPV: 7.33%, sensitivity: 57.52%). S5 provided increased sensitivity for CIN3+ compared to HPV16/18 genotyping for hrHPV positive women, overall and when restricted to women with abnormal cytology, suggesting S5 may improve colposcopy referral. S5 also has the ability to distinguish between <CIN2, CIN2 and CIN3+, a finding of importance for managing CIN2, given the complexity and uncertainty associated with this diagnosis

Medical students’ views about having different types of problem-based learning tutors

Background At Norwich Medical School, Year 3 or 4 medical students taking a year out of the 5-year undergraduate MBBS degree to do a master’s degree in clinical education worked as near-peer problem-based learning (PBL) tutors for students in Year 2. Peer-assisted learning has been shown to benefit both peer tutors and tutees; in this study, experiences of students with near-peer PBL tutors were compared to students with other types of PBL tutor. Methods Using existing student evaluation data, we compared student views about PBL tutor performance, PBL group functioning, and overall satisfaction with PBL learning experience according to whether their PBL tutor/s were (1) a single near-peer tutor (later-year MB BS student), (2) a single staff tutor, (3) multiple staff tutors, or (4) multiple newly qualified doctor tutors. Results Results indicated that students’ evaluation of tutor performance was more positive for near-peer PBL tutors compared to both groups of staff tutors for most areas evaluated. Additionally, students’ evaluation of overall satisfaction with PBL was more positive for near-peer PBL tutors compared to multiple staff tutors. Tutor performance for multiple staff tutors was evaluated less positively compared to both single staff and multiple newly qualified doctor groups. But there were no statistically significant differences between the four groups regarding PBL group functioning. Conclusion Near-peer PBL tutors perform comparably or better to staff PBL tutors in salient measures of tutor performance and group functioning. We conclude that medical students find near-peer PBL tutors to be an acceptable addition to the PBL tutor workforce

A derivation of the source-channel error exponent using nonidentical product distributions

This paper studies the random-coding exponent of joint source-channel coding for a scheme where source messages are assigned to disjoint subsets (referred to as classes), and codewords are independently generated according to a distribution that depends on the class index of the source message. For discrete memoryless systems, two optimally chosen classes and product distributions are found to be sufficient to attain the sphere-packing exponent in those cases where it is tight. © 2014 IEEE

Geometric phase outside a Schwarzschild black hole and the Hawking effect

We study the Hawking effect in terms of the geometric phase acquired by a two-level atom as a result of coupling to vacuum fluctuations outside a Schwarzschild black hole in a gedanken experiment. We treat the atom in interaction with a bath of fluctuating quantized massless scalar fields as an open quantum system, whose dynamics is governed by a master equation obtained by tracing over the field degrees of freedom. The nonunitary effects of this system are examined by analyzing the geometric phase for the Boulware, Unruh and Hartle-Hawking vacua respectively. We find, for all the three cases, that the geometric phase of the atom turns out to be affected by the space-time curvature which backscatters the vacuum field modes. In both the Unruh and Hartle-Hawking vacua, the geometric phase exhibits similar behaviors as if there were thermal radiation at the Hawking temperature from the black hole. So, a measurement of the change of the geometric phase as opposed to that in a flat space-time can in principle reveal the existence of the Hawking radiation.Comment: 14 pages, no figures, a typo in the References corrected, version to appear in JHEP. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1109.033