European urbanism in Caracas (1870s-1930s)

The research focuses on the transfer of European urban ideas into Caracas, from Antonio Guzman Blanco's urban reforms in the 1870s to the proposal of the 1939 Plan Monumental de Caracas, devised under the guidance of the French urbanist Maurice Rotival. Considering that the emergence of urbanism cannot be reduced to its mere technical contents - especially in the backward context of the Venezuela of that period - the research traces not only the transfer of urbanistic ideas, but also the importation which took place in the domains related to the Caraquenians' urban culture and urbanity. At the same time, that urban transfer is not reduced to a deterministic effect of economic dependence, but is rather regarded as a component of the cultural relationship maintained by the Venezuelan elite with the most advanced countries of North Atlantic capitalism. By tracing the transfer of urban ideas from Europe into Caracas - which remains the core issue of the research -a parallel question is explored: the reconstruction of the primary stages which articulated the urban debate in Venezuela and underpinned modern urbanism as a discipline, a process which apparently occurred against that European background. This reconstruction involves three episodes - the urban art of the Guzmanian city, the hygiene and progress of the belle Opoque and the monumental urbanism of the democratic capital - which are presented as components of a European-oriented cycle in the history of Caracas. In order to trace that transfer and reconstruct those episodes, the research combines four types of urban discourse: the legal, political and administrative texts, the urban literature, the travel chronicles and general descriptions, and technical literature about urbanism. The interlacement of such a catalogue of specialized and non-specialized sources claims to be an innovation of the research

El imaginario de la ciudad venezolana: de 1958 a la metrópoli parroquiana. aproximación desde la historia cultural urbana

A partir de postulados teóricos y metodológicos sobre historia cultural, la narrativa y la microhistoria, el presente artículo intenta aproximarse, desde el emergente campo de la historia cultural urbana, a la representación de la ciudad y la urbanización en la literatura venezolana. Como parte de un proyecto de mayor alcance sobre el siglo xx, el artículo se concentra en las dos décadas posteriores a la dictadura de Pérez Jiménez, derribada en 1958, las cuales fueron de renovación democrática e intenso crecimiento urbano. Para tal aproximación, se toman como fuentes primarias el ensayo y la novela

Conversatorio realizado en el marco del Encuentro de Historia Urbana 2014 Asuntos de Historia Urbana de la Ciudad Latinoamericana

Durante el mes de noviembre del año 2014, la Facultad de Artes de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, organizó el I Encuentro Internacional sobre Historia Urbana, el cual se extendió por tres días y en el que académicos e investigadores pudieron intercambiar ideas y puntos de vista sobre problemas y oportunidades presentes en este campo del saber. La sesión final se configuró como un escenario abierto de debate y de intercambio directo de ideas, con el fin de complementar temas abordados a lo largo del encuentro o sugerir la discusión de tópicos hasta ahora no considerados

Chemical and mechanical stability of air annealed cathodic arc evaporated CrAlON coatings

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of ternary Cr-Al-O and quaternary Cr-Al-O-N coatings deposited by cathodic arc physical vapour deposition, for various nitrogen and oxygen mass flow ratios during the growth process. The composition, microstructure, indentation hardness and modulus of the films have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electron probe micro-analysis, X-ray diffraction, and nanoindentation techniques. The evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings after ambient air annealing from 800 °C up to 1100 °C have been investigated. As the oxygen to nitrogen mass flow increases, the as-deposited coatings exhibit lower hardness, higher roughness, lower crystallinity and a more marked columnar structure. At oxygen to nitrogen mass flow ratios bigger than 10/90, the coatings exhibit a stoichiometry of the type (CrAl)2+εO3−ε. Only the coatings with an oxygen to nitrogen mass flow ratio smaller than 10/90 retained nitrogen in their compositions. In all cases, the coatings developed a cubic fcc lattice structure. After annealing at 1100 °C the resulting microstructure showed a clear dependency upon the initial composition of the films. The evolution of the microstructure during the high temperature tests, as well as the analysis of the nanoindentation hardness, composition and thickness also provided valuable information about the combined effects of the thermal stability and the oxidation of the deposited coatings

Leituras e leitores de Richard Morse: a trajetória de um livro sobre a formação da metrópole paulista

De comunidade à metrópole: a biografia de São Paulo, was first published in 1954 and then re published in 1970 as Formação histórica de São Paulo: de comunidade à metrópole. Written by a young US researcher fascinated by Latin America, this material was originally submitted as his PhD thesis at Columbia University in 1952. Since then, Richard Morse's (1922-2001) work has come a long way and is now considered a primary reference in the history of urban development of São Paulo. This article briefly recovers the reader's response when Morse's research was first published, and how it ensured the book's importance in the Brazilian historiography. The aim is to draw a parallel trajectory of the book and its author - the young researcher at Columbia who became a professor of Latin American History at Yale - and to discuss the meanings regarding its importance in São Paulo's historiography as well as its contribution to a better understanding of the city.O livro De comunidade à metrópole: a biografia de São Paulo, publicado em 1954 e reeditado em 1970 com um novo título, Formação histórica de São Paulo: de comunidade à metrópole, foi escrito por um jovem norte-americano encantado com a América Latina, tendo sido inicialmente apresentado como tese de doutorado na Universidade de Columbia, em 1952. Desde então, essa obra de Richard Morse (1922-2001) percorreu um longo caminho, sendo hoje considerada "um clássico" sobre a evolução urbana da capital paulista. Retoma-se sinteticamente aqui a recepção da publicação, recuperando leitores e leituras que acabaram por garantir ao livro de Morse esse lugar na historiografia paulistana e brasileira. Busca-se, desse modo, traçar um paralelo entra a trajetória do livro e a de seu autor - que de jovem investigador em Columbia torna-se professor de História da América Latina na Universidade de Yale - para discutir o sentido do livro na historiografia e na própria interpretação que o livro fundaria sobre a cidade de São Paulo

Despegues sin madurez: Urbanización, industrialización y desarrollo en la Latinoamérica del siglo XX

A partir de algunas fases de la teoría de Rostow que exploran la relación entre industrialización, urbanización y desarrollo, se busca ilustrar cómo el desbalance de la urbanización con respecto al aparato productivo explica en parte el despegue sin madurez de América Latina en el siglo XX. Para ello se incorporan otros aspectos políticos y sociales dentro de una periodización que se inicia cuando Latinoamérica comenzó a evidenciar una significativa urbanización. Esta apuesta panorámica se hace desde la premisa historiográfica y metodológica de que los estudios de urbanización y desarrollo han perdido la perspectiva histórica, por lo que hace falta retomar una posición panorámica y comparativa, tanto en términos históricos como territoriales.<br>On the basis of some phases of Rostow's theory that explore the relationship between industrialization, urbanization anddevelopment, this article aims at illustrating how the imbalance between urbanization and theproductive system helps to explain the issue ofLatin America's take-out throughout the twentieth century, lacking the ensuing drive to maturity. For that purpose, other political and social aspects are incorporated into a periodization that has to be initiated at the phase when Latin América started to evince a signijicant urbanization. Such a panoramic attempt is made from the historiographic and methodological premise that urbanization and development studies have often lost the historicalperspective. It is therefore necessary to resume a panoramic and, to some extent, comparative review, both in historical and territorial terms, in which a long-term periodization will be a possible contribution of this research

Modernización urbanística en América Latina. Luminarias extranjeras y cambios disciplinares, 1900-1960

Buscando una perspectiva comparativa de alcance continental, el artículo trata de relacionar visitas de expertos extranjeros con cambios académicos y profesionales, ocurrencia de eventos y aparición de libros que ayudaron a consolidar y desarrollar la disciplina urbanística en América Latina, entre las reformas novecentistas de la Bella Época y el apogeo del modernismo en los años 1950. Sobre la base de elementos contextuales de corte político, económico y demográfico que apuntalaron la modernización, se intenta entretejer una tal formación discursiva de cambios epistemológicos, profesionales y académicos, a lo largo de dos grandes episodios: el europeizado urbanismo academicista que predominara hasta los años 1930, y la planificación tecnicista y de corte norteamericano después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial