El "Sur" en el sistema migratorio europeo. Evolución reciente y perspectivas

Sin resume

La regularización de inmigrantes irregulares en España e Italia : determinantes y efectos.

Sovint, en els països del sud d’Europa, la regularització d’immigrants irregulars s’ha emprat com a política migratòria de control aplicada a posteriori. Molts investigadors ho critiquen per la incapacitat que manifesta de parar la reproducció de sistemes de migració irregular. Malgrat tot, el debat sobre l’efectivitat d’aquests programes segueix demostrant l’existència d’una contradicció fonamental entre aquestes crítiques i la manca d’evidències empíriques a favor o en contra dels processos de regularització. L’objectiu principal d’aquest article és analitzar els efectes de les regularitzacions a Itàlia i a Espanya, els països europeus on és immigrants s’han vist beneficiats per aquestes regularitzacions. La finalitat de l’article és avaluar l’eficàcia d’aquestes polítiques, però també plantejar quin futur té aquest tipus de mesures en els règims migratoris mediterranis.Con frecuencia, la regularización de inmigrantes irregulares ha sido usada en los países del sur de Europa como política migratoria de control aplicada a posteriori. Muchos investigadores las han criticado por su incapacidad de parar la reproducción de sistemas de migración irregular. Sin embargo, el debate sobre la efectividad de dichos programas sigue demostrando la existencia de una contradicción fundamental entre estas críticas y la falta de evidencias empíricas a favor o en contra de los procesos de regularización. El objetivo principal del presente artículo es analizar los efectos de las regularizaciones en Italia y España, los países europeos donde más inmigrantes se han visto beneficiados por ellas. La finalidad del artículo es evaluar la eficacia de estas políticas, pero también plantear qué futuro tiene este tipo de medidas en los regímenes migratorios mediterráneos.In Southern European countries, the regularisations of irregular migrants have very frequently been used as ex post control policy measures. They have often been blamed by a large number of scholars for their incapacity to stop the reproduction of irregular migration systems. Nevertheless, the debate on the effectiveness of regularisation programmes still demonstrates a substantial contradiction between the criticism of regularisations and the lack of empirical evidence in favour of or against the execution of such processes. The aim of the present article is to analyze the effects of regularisations in Italy and Spain as the two countries that have regularised the largest number of migrants in Europe. The final goal of the article is not only to assess the efficiency of regularisations but also to discuss the future of such measures in the Mediterranean migration regimes

Regularisation of unauthorised immigrants in Italy and Spain : determinants and effects

In Southern European countries, the regularisations of irregular migrants have very frequently been used as ex post control policy measures. They have often been blamed by a large number of scholars for their incapacity to stop the reproduction of irregular migration systems. Nevertheless, the debate on the effectiveness of regularisation programmes still demonstrates a substantial contradiction between the criticism of regularisations and the lack of empirical evidence in favour of or against the execution of such processes. The aim of the present article is to analyze the effects of regularisations in Italy and Spain as the two countries that have regularised the largest number of migrants in Europe. The final goal of the article is not only to assess the efficiency of regularisations but also to discuss the future of such measures in the Mediterranean migration regimes.Sovint, en els països del sud d'Europa, la regularització d'immigrants irregulars s'ha emprat com a política migratòria de control aplicada a posteriori. Molts investigadors ho critiquen per la incapacitat que manifesta de parar la reproducció de sistemes de migració irregular. Malgrat tot, el debat sobre l'efectivitat d'aquests programes segueix demostrant l'existència d'una contradicció fonamental entre aquestes crítiques i la manca d'evidències empíriques a favor o en contra dels processos de regularització. L'objectiu principal d'aquest article és analitzar els efectes de les regularitzacions a Itàlia i a Espanya, els països europeus on és immigrants s'han vist beneficiats per aquestes regularitzacions. La finalitat de l'article és avaluar l'eficàcia d'aquestes polítiques, però també plantejar quin futur té aquest tipus de mesures en els règims migratoris mediterranis.Con frecuencia, la regularización de inmigrantes irregulares ha sido usada en los países del sur de Europa como política migratoria de control aplicada a posteriori. Muchos investigadores las han criticado por su incapacidad de parar la reproducción de sistemas de migración irregular. Sin embargo, el debate sobre la efectividad de dichos programas sigue demostrando la existencia de una contradicción fundamental entre estas críticas y la falta de evidencias empíricas a favor o en contra de los procesos de regularización. El objetivo principal del presente artículo es analizar los efectos de las regularizaciones en Italia y España, los países europeos donde más inmigrantes se han visto beneficiados por ellas. La finalidad del artículo es evaluar la eficacia de estas políticas, pero también plantear qué futuro tiene este tipo de medidas en los regímenes migratorios mediterráneos.La régularisation des immigrants irréguliers a fréquemment été utilisée par les pays du Sud de l'Europe comme politique migratoire de contrôle appliquée a posteriori. De nombreux chercheurs l'ont critiquée car elle est incapable de mettre un terme à la reproduction des systèmes migratoires irréguliers. Cependant, le débat incessant sur l'efficacité des programmes de régularisation montre qu'il existe une contradiction fondamentale entre ces critiques et l'absence de preuves empiriques qui confirment ou invalident ces programmes. Le principal objectif de cet article est d'analyser les effets de la régularisation en Espagne et en Italie car ce sont les deux pays européens qui ont le plus pratiqué ce type de politique. Le but de cet article n'est pas seulement d'évaluer l'efficacité de ces mesures, mais aussi d'exposer leur avenir dans les régimes migratoires méditerranéens

El estado de la integración de inmigrantes y refugiados en España: luces y sombras

Depto. de Sociología AplicadaFac. de Ciencias Políticas y SociologíaTRUEpu

Eficacia frente a principios: políticas de extrema dureza contra la inmigración y el asilo en Estados Unidos y Europa

El auge combinado de nacionalismo populista y autoritarismo observable en los últimos años en Europa y Estados Unidos está imponiendo una representación negativa de la inmigración y el asilo que favorece la adopción de políticas crecientemente restrictivas y hostiles. Estas políticas anteponen la eficacia restrictiva a principios y consideraciones morales y, no pocas veces, también al derecho. Algunas de ellas rayan en la crueldad y la inhumanidad. Es una deriva que está alcanzando el paroxismo en Estados Unidos desde la llegada de Donald Trump a la presidencia, pero la Unión Europea (UE) también participa de ella, especialmente en el terreno del asilo. El artículo pasa revista a los rasgos más destacados de las políticas recientes en materia de inmigración y asilo a ambos lados del Atlántico Norte y a sus implicaciones

Inmigración y diversidad humana. Una nueva era en las migraciones internacionales

Depto. de Sociología AplicadaFac. de Ciencias Políticas y SociologíaTRUEpu

On the Complexities of the Design of Water Distribution Networks

Water supply is one of the most recognizable and important public services contributing to quality of life. Water distribution networks WDNs are extremely complex assets. A number of complex tasks, such as design, planning, operation, maintenance, and management, are inherently associated with such networks. In this paper, we focus on the design of a WDN, which is a wide and open problem in hydraulic engineering. This problem is a large-scale combinatorial, nonlinear, nonconvex, multiobjective optimization problem, involving various types of decision variables and many complex implicit constraints. To handle this problem, we provide a synergetic association between swarm intelligence and multiagent systems where human interaction is also enabled. This results in a powerful collaborative system for finding solutions to such a complex hydraulic engineering problem. All the ingredients have been integrated into a software tool that has also been shown to efficiently solve problems from other engineering fields.This work has been developed with the support of the project IDAWAS, DPI2009-11591, of the Direccion General de Investigacion of the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, and ACOMP/2010/146 of the Conselleria d'Educacio of the Generalitat Valenciana. The first author is also indebted to the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for the sabbatical leave granted during the first semester of 2011. The use of English in this paper was revised by John Rawlins.Izquierdo Sebastián, J.; Montalvo Arango, I.; Pérez García, R.; Matías, A. (2012). On the Complexities of the Design of Water Distribution Networks. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2012:1-25. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/9479611252012Goulter, I. C., & Coals, A. V. (1986). Quantitative Approaches to Reliability Assessment in Pipe Networks. 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A novel water supply network sectorization methodology based on a complete economic analysis, including uncertainties

[EN] The core idea behind sectorization of water supply networks (WSNs) is to establish areas partially isolated from the rest of the network to improve operational control. Besides the benefits associated to sectorization, some drawbacks must be taken into consideration by water operators: the economic investment associated to both boundary valves and flowmeters, and the reduction of both pressure and system resilience. The target of sectorization is to properly balance these negative and positive aspects. Sectorization methodologies addressing the economic aspects mainly consider costs of valves and flowmeters and of energy, and the benefits in terms of water saving linked to pressure reduction. However, sectorization entails other benefits such as reduction of domestic consumption; reduction of bursts frequency; and enhanced capacity to detect and intervene over future leakage events. We implement a development proposed by the International Water Association (IWA) to estimate the aforementioned benefits. Such development is integrated in a novel sectorization methodology based on a Social Network Community Detection Algorithm, combined with a Genetic Algorithm optimization method and Monte Carlo Simulation. The methodology is implemented over a fraction of the WSN of Managua city, capital of Nicaragua, generating a net benefit of 25,518 $/year.Campbell-Gonzalez, E.; Izquierdo Sebastián, J.; Montalvo Arango, I.; Pérez García, R. (2016). A novel water supply network sectorization methodology based on a complete economic analysis, including uncertainties. Water. 8(5). doi:10.3390/w8050179S8