Predicting animal abundance through local ecological knowledge: An internal validation using consensus analysis

Given the ongoing environmental degradation from local to global scales, it is fundamental to develop more efficient means of gathering data on species and ecosystems. Local ecological knowledge, in which local communities can consistently provide information on the status of animal species over time, has been shown to be effective. Several studies demonstrate that data gathered using local ecological knowledge (LEK)-based methods are comparable with data obtained from conventional methods (such as line transects and camera traps). Here, we employ a consensus analysis to validate and evaluate the accuracy of interview data on LEK. Additionally, we investigate the influence of social and bioecological variables on enhancing data quality. We interviewed 323 persons in 19 villages in the Western and Central Amazon to determine the level of consensus on the abundance of hunted and non-hunted forest species. These villages varied in size, socio-economic characteristics and in the experience with wildlife of their dwellers. Interviewees estimated the relative abundance of 101 species with a broad spectrum of bioecological characteristics using a four-point Likert scale. High consensus was found for species population abundance in all sampled villages and for 79.6% of interviewees. The village consensus of all species abundance pooled was negatively correlated with village population size. The consensus level was high regardless of the interviewees' hunting experience. Species that are more frequently hunted or are more apparent had greater consensus values; only two species presented a low consensus level, which are rare and solitary species. We show in our study in the Amazon that information gathered by local peoples, Indigenous as well as non-Indigenous, can be useful in understanding the status of animal species found within their environment. The high level of cultural consensus we describe likely arises from knowledge sharing and the strong connection between the persons interviewed and the forest. We suggest that consensus analysis can be used to validate LEK-generated data instead of comparing these types of data with information obtained by conventional methods

Predicting animal abundance through local ecological knowledge: An internal validation using consensus analysis

Given the ongoing environmental degradation from local to global scales, it is fundamental to develop more efficient means of gathering data on species and ecosystems. Local ecological knowledge, in which local communities can consistently provide information on the status of animal species over time, has been shown to be effective. Several studies demonstrate that data gathered using local ecological knowledge (LEK)‐based methods are comparable with data obtained from conventional methods (such as line transects and camera traps). Here, we employ a consensus analysis to validate and evaluate the accuracy of interview data on LEK. Additionally, we investigate the influence of social and bioecological variables on enhancing data quality. We interviewed 323 persons in 19 villages in the Western and Central Amazon to determine the level of consensus on the abundance of hunted and non‐hunted forest species. These villages varied in size, socio‐economic characteristics and in the experience with wildlife of their dwellers. Interviewees estimated the relative abundance of 101 species with a broad spectrum of bioecological characteristics using a four‐point Likert scale. High consensus was found for species population abundance in all sampled villages and for 79.6% of interviewees. The village consensus of all species abundance pooled was negatively correlated with village population size. The consensus level was high regardless of the interviewees' hunting experience. Species that are more frequently hunted or are more apparent had greater consensus values; only two species presented a low consensus level, which are rare and solitary species. We show in our study in the Amazon that information gathered by local peoples, Indigenous as well as non‐Indigenous, can be useful in understanding the status of animal species found within their environment. The high level of cultural consensus we describe likely arises from knowledge sharing and the strong connection between the persons interviewed and the forest. We suggest that consensus analysis can be used to validate LEK‐generated data instead of comparing these types of data with information obtained by conventional methods. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog

PRESIÓN DE CAZA EN MAMÍFEROS DE LA RESERVA NACIONAL MATSÉS, AL NORESTE DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA

De junio a octubre del 2015, se realizó el estudio en la Reserva Nacional Matsés (RNM), con la finalidad de evaluar la presión de caza de mamíferos. Los datos se obtuvieron de los sectores Alemán y Loboyacu, donde se usaron registros de aprovechamiento de animales de caza, mapas participativos, entrevistas semiestructuradas y diálogos interactivos. El majas  Cuniculus paca, fue la especie más cazada en ambos sectores. El área de caza estimada para el sector Alemán fue de 452 km2 y de Loboyacu fue 497 km2. La estrategia de caza más frecuente en ambos sectores fue la búsqueda en canoa y trocha usando escopeta. El conocimiento de la presión de caza ayuda a entender el desarrollo de la cacería, y ayuda a reaccionar anticipadamente a posibles amenazas que podrían estar afectando a las poblaciones de fauna silvestre

ESTADO DE LAS POBLACIONES DE MAMÍFEROS EN LA RESERVA NACIONAL MATSÉS, AL NORESTE DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA

Este estudio se realizó entre junio a octubre del 2015, en la Reserva Nacional Matsés, con el objetivo de conocer el estado de las poblaciones de mamíferos de caza en tres sectores de muestreo: Alemán, Loboyacu y Alto Gálvez. Los datos fueron colectados en cuatro transectos lineales, cada uno tuvo 5 km de longitud. En los tres sectores de muestreo, los primates tuvieron las mayores densidades poblacionales. En el sector Alto 2 Gálvez, las especies con mayor densidad fueron Saimiri macrodon (26.75 ind/km ) y Sapajus macrocephalus 2 (18.93 ind/km ); mientras que en los sectores Alemán y Loboyacu, fue Lagothrix lagotricha (23.54 y 13.84 2 2 ind/km , respectivamente) y Saguinus mystax (20.58 y 17.87 ind/km , respectivamente). En general, la variabilidad de mamíferos de caza puede ser explicado al 67.52%. Las comunidades de mamíferos de los sectores Alemán y Loboyacu fueron similares, en donde la caza fue frecuente. La comparación independiente de ambos sectores versus el sector del Alto Gálvez, mostró que el último sector tuvo mayor densidades poblacional. Es decir, la cuenca alta del río Gálvez mantiene las poblaciones más saludables de mamíferos.This study was conducted between June and October 2015, in the Matsés National Reserve, with the objective of knowing the status of hunting mammal populations in three sampling sectors: Alemán, Loboyacu and Alto Gálvez. The data were collected in four linear transects, each one had 5 km. In the three sampling sectors, the primates had the highest population densities. In the Alto Gálvez sector, 2 the species with the highest density were Saimiri macrodon (26.75 ind / km ) and Sapajus macrocephalus 2 (18.93 ind / km ); while in the Aleman and Loboyacu sectors, it was Lagothrix lagotricha (23.54 and 13.84 2 2 ind / km , respectively) and Saguinus mystax (20.58 and 17.87 ind / km , respectively). In general, the variability of game mammals can be explained to 67.52%. Mammal communities of the Aleman and Loboyacu sectors were similar, where hunting was frequent. The independent comparison of both sectors versus the Alto Gálvez sector showed that the last sector had higher population densities. That is, the upper basin of the Gálvez River maintains the healthiest populations of mammals

3D Printed Tacrolimus Rectal Formulations Ameliorate Colitis in an Experimental Animal Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The aim of this study was to fabricate novel self-supporting tacrolimus suppositories using semisolid extrusion 3-dimensional printing (3DP) and to investigate their efficacy in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease. Blends of Gelucire 44/14 and coconut oil were employed as lipid excipients to obtain suppository formulations with self-emulsifying properties, which were then tested in a TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid) induced rat colitis model. Disease activity was monitored using PET/CT medical imaging; maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax), a measure of tissue radiotracer accumulation rate, together with body weight changes and histological assessments, were used as inflammatory indices to monitor treatment efficacy. Following tacrolimus treatment, a significant reduction in SUVmax was observed on days 7 and 10 in the rat colon sections compared to non-treated animals. Histological analysis using Nancy index confirmed disease remission. Moreover, statistical analysis showed a positive correlation (R2 = 71.48%) between SUVmax values and weight changes over time. Overall, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of 3D printed tacrolimus suppositories to ameliorate colitis and highlights the utility of non-invasive PET/CT imaging to evaluate new therapies in the preclinical areaThis research was funded by Xunta de Galicia grant number GRC2013/015 and GPC2017/015. A.F.-F. acknowledges the support of Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Juan Rodés research grant JR18/00014). P.A. acknowledges the support of RYC-2015/17430 (Ramón y Cajal). X.G.-O. acknowledges the financial support of the IDIS (Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela)S

Implantación y evaluación de prácticas globalizadoras en la asignatura "Psicología de la educación y el desarrollo en la edad escolar"

Este trabajo constituye la continuación de un proyecto de Innovación Docente financiado por el ICE de la Universidad de Sevilla en el curso 2004/05. El proyecto se enmarca en el contexto de la asignatura Psicología de la Educación y del Desarrollo en Edad Escolar de primer curso de las Diplomaturas de Maestros. El objetivo de esta nueva fase del proyecto es la implantación y evaluación de unos materiales didácticos elaborados para cubrir, fundamentalmente, las prácticas de la asignatura. Dichos materiales están elaborados en torno al uso del cuento como mediador de aprendizaje en el contexto escolar y su objetivo principal es abordar de manera globalizada gran parte de las competencias y de los contenidos de la asignatura. Entre los resultados obtenidos destaca el convencimiento de los futuros maestros de que el cuento es un buen instrumento para la transmisión de valores. Asimismo, tras la realización de las prácticas se amplía tanto la concepción del alumnado sobre el posible uso del cuento en las aulas, como el rango de edad en que puede resultar un buen instrumento de aprendizaje y desarrollo para los niños y las niñas.This work constitutes the follow-up of a Teching Innovation Project financed by the ICE of the University of Seville during the school year 2004/05. This project is included in the "Educational and Developmental Psychology in School Age" subject, carried out during the first year of the Teaching Degree. The aim of this project's new phase is the setting up and evaluation of different didactic materials which have benn devised to fulfil the subject's practical area. These materials have been designed around the usage of tales as learning mediators in the school context; their main aim is to approach in a globalized way a great amount of the subject's competences and contents. Among the obtained outcomes it is highlighted the future teachers' certainty about the use of tales as adequate tools for the sharing of values. Moreover, after completing the material, the pupil's point of view about the possible use of tales in classroom is widened, as well as the scope of age when it can be proved an optimum tool for the children learning and development

Predicting animal abundance through local ecological knowledge : An internal validation using consensus analysis

Given the ongoing environmental degradation from local to global scales, it is fundamental to develop more efficient means of gathering data on species and ecosystems. Local ecological knowledge, in which local communities can consistently provide information on the status of animal species over time, has been shown to be effective. Several studies demonstrate that data gathered using local ecological knowledge (LEK)-based methods are comparable with data obtained from conventional methods (such as line transects and camera traps). Here, we employ a consensus analysis to validate and evaluate the accuracy of interview data on LEK. Additionally, we investigate the influence of social and bioecological variables on enhancing data quality. We interviewed 323 persons in 19 villages in the Western and Central Amazon to determine the level of consensus on the abundance of hunted and non-hunted forest species. These villages varied in size, socio-economic characteristics and in the experience with wildlife of their dwellers. Interviewees estimated the relative abundance of 101 species with a broad spectrum of bioecological characteristics using a four-point Likert scale. High consensus was found for species population abundance in all sampled villages and for 79.6% of interviewees. The village consensus of all species abundance pooled was negatively correlated with village population size. The consensus level was high regardless of the interviewees' hunting experience. Species that are more frequently hunted or are more apparent had greater consensus values; only two species presented a low consensus level, which are rare and solitary species. We show in our study in the Amazon that information gathered by local peoples, Indigenous as well as non-Indigenous, can be useful in understanding the status of animal species found within their environment. The high level of cultural consensus we describe likely arises from knowledge sharing and the strong connection between the persons interviewed and the forest. We suggest that consensus analysis can be used to validate LEK-generated data instead of comparing these types of data with information obtained by conventional methods. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog

Memoria final del programa de equipos docentes para la formación de profesores noveles Universidad de Sevilla

Los procesos de formación permanente del profesorado universitario están siendo impulsados durante los últimos años. Dentro de las iniciativas puestas en marcha dentro de las universidades españolas destaca la línea de apoyo y asesoramiento a los profesores noveles que principalmente son personas más preparadas para la investigación que para la docencia. En este sentido, un grupo de profesores noveles de la asignatura "Bases psicopedagógicas de la Educación Especial" del departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, con la ayuda y asesoramiento de un profesor titular, han constituido un grupo de trabajo para mejorar su propia práctica docente y los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje que se desarrollan en sus aulas de segundo de Magisterio. Aquí se presentan los procesos y algunos de los productos que a lo largo del curso académico 2003-2004 este grupo de trabajo ha ido obteniendo. Entre las conclusiones a las que se llega destacan las valoraciones positivas de este tipo de procesos autoformativos tanto para la propia preparación docente como para los procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje. Del mismo modo, este tipo de colaboración potencia la coherencia dentro de las titulaciones al tiempo que una mejora de la calidad de los programas y desarrollos de las asignaturas

POPULATION STATUS OF COLLARED Pecari tajacu AND WHITE-LIPPED PECCARIES Tayassu pecari IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON

The collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) and white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) are very important species as a source of protein and economic income for rural household, and are culturally important in Amazonian Communities. Despite their importance, and due to the scarcity of information on their populations in a large part of the Peruvian Amazon, it is difficult to evaluate the sustainable use as bushmeat and for the export of skins. In this way, this study aims to evaluate populations of P. tajacu and T. pecariin the regions of Loreto and Ucayali by using fixed-width line transects in 33 localities and through interviews to determine the 'cultural consensus' for the abundance of the species in 11 localities. Of a total of 14,220.5 km of 2 linear transects traveled in the study sites, showed that the population density of P. tajacu was 1.24 ind/km 2 being registered in 32 (96.9%) localities, while T. pecarishowed a population density of 1.59 ind/km and was registered in 16 (48.5%) localities. Only the density of P. tajacu was related to the group size. The 162 interviews conducted in 11 communities showed that the population density of P. tajacu was abundant, while the perception of abundance of T. pecari was from frequent to abundant. The population densities of the two species of peccaries were greater in the non-flooded forests than in the flooded forest, and both species showed a positive correlation. According to the study methods used, there were no differences in the population size reported for the two species of peccaries, both inside and outside the natural protected areas. This indicates that areas outside the natural protected areas that contain high population densities are of a great importance for the conservation of peccaries, and contribute to ensuring food security for rural and indigenous communities.El sajino (Pecari tajacu) y la huangana (Tayassu pecari) son especies muy importantes como fuente de proteína y de ingresos económicos a nivel familiar, como elemento cultural y en general del buen vivir de las comunidades nativas. Apesar de su importancia, la escasa información de sus poblaciones en gran parte de la Amazonía peruana dificulta evaluar su uso sostenible como carne de monte o exportación de pieles. De esta forma, este estudio pretende evaluar las poblaciones de P. tajacu y T. pecari en las regiones de Loreto y Ucayali mediante el método de transectos en banda en 33 localidades y mediante el método de consenso cultural en 11 localidades. Los 14,220.5 km recorridos en transectos lineales mostraron que la densidad 2 poblacional de P. tajacu fue de 1.24 ind/km siendo registrado en 32 (96.9%) localidades, mientras que T. 2 pecari mostró una densidad de 1.59 ind/km y fue registrado en 16 (48.5%) localidades. Sólo la densidad de P. tajacu estuvo relacionada con el tamaño de grupo. Las 162 entrevistas realizadas en 11 comunidades mostraron que los cazadores locales percibieron al P. tajacu como abundante y al T. pecari como frecuente o abundante. Las densidades poblacionales de las dos especies de pecaríes fueron mayores en bosques no inundables o de tierra firme que en bosques inundables, presentando ambas especies una correlación positiva. De acuerdo a los métodos de estudio empleados, no hubo diferencias en el tamaño poblacional reportados para ambas especies, tanto dentro como fuera de las áreas naturales protegidas. Esto indica que las zonas fuera de las áreas naturales protegidas contienen altas densidades poblacionales, son de gran importancia para la conservación de los pecaríes y contribuyen a garantizar la seguridad alimentaria de las poblaciones humanas ribereñas y nativas