Architecture, matter, and historiography: interfaces between technological investigation and historical research based on ceramic bricks in the city of Santa Leopoldina (ES)

Considerando a potencialidade do material construtivo como ferramenta para a historiografia, este artigo consiste em análise de tijolos cerâmicos presentes no sistema construtivo de edificações do Sítio Histórico de Santa Leopoldina, no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, protegido em esfera estadual em 1983. Para além da necessidade de documentação dos sistemas construtivos tradicionais brasileiros e da imprescindibilidade de subsídios técnicos para intervenção no patrimônio edificado, aborda-se a importância da investigação tecnológica para compreensão do processo construtivo da edificação. O critério adotado parte da análise física e mineralógica de um grupo amostral e da interpretação desta análise, admitindo a historicidade da arquitetura como ferramenta de conhecimento da sociedade. Para fundamentação teórica, busca-se o conhecimento da matéria prima do objeto de estudo, bem como os métodos típicos empregados no século XIX, para a produção de tijolos cerâmicos. Metodologicamente, a análise compreende a realização de ensaios laboratoriais para caracterização física e mineralógica dos tijolos, cujos resultados são correlacionados à pesquisa histórica da produção de tijolo cerâmico em Vitória, capital do Estado, entre o século XIX e o início do século XX. O resultado consiste em considerações acerca da fabricação dos tijolos cerâmicos em Santa Leopoldina e contribui para a compreensão dos métodos construtivos utilizados pelos imigrantes europeus não lusitanos que, ao chegarem ao Brasil, a partir da segunda metade do século XIX, colonizam o interior do Espírito Santo.Considering the potential of building materials as a tool for historiography, this article analyzes ceramic bricks in the constructive system of the buildings at the Santa Leopoldina Historical Site in the State of Espírito Santo - protected at the state level in 1983. Beyond the need for documentation of traditional Brazilian construction systems and the indispensability of technical support for intervention in the constructed heritage, we address the importance of technological research in understanding the building process. The adopted criteria are based on a physical and mineralogical analysis of a sample group as well as an interpretation of this analysis, considering the historicity of architecture as a knowledge tool for society. As a theoretical foundation, there is a need to understand the raw materials used in the bricks, as well as the typical methods employed in the 19th century for their production. Methodologically, the analysis involves laboratory tests for the physical and mineralogical characterization of the bricks. The results were correlated with the historical research on the production of ceramic bricks in Vitória, capital of Espírito Santo, between the 19th and early 20th centuries, and include considerations regarding the manufacture of ceramic bricks in Santa Leopoldina, helping to understand the constructive methods used by non-Lusitanian European immigrants who colonized the interior of the state from the second half of the 19th century onward

Fases sodalita formadas a partir de caulinitas amazônicas sob condições de digestão Bayer

As bauxitas metalúrgicas da região de Paragominas-PA (norte do Brasil) comumente apresentam uma alta quantidade de caulinita. Durante a lixiviação da bauxita nas condições de processo Bayer, este mineral reage com NaOH formando indesejavelmente sodalita, o qual é insolúvel e, portanto, descartada com o resíduo sólido, causando significativa perda do agente lixiviante. Neste trabalho foi dada a atenção a dois tipos prin-cipais de sodalita formadas em função de diferenças na concentração caustica e tempo de reação. Assim, o processo hidrotérmico foi conduzido em temperatura de 150 ºC, concentração caustica variando de 2,5 à 5,0 M e tempo variando de 60 à 420 min. Os resultados mostraram que estas variáveis afetam tanto a velocidade da transformação da caulinita em sodalita como a cristaloquímica desta fase, resultando na formação de dois tipos de sodalita: 1) sodalita básica tetrahidratada, fase mais estável formada inicialmente e remanescente em todas as condições do processo; e 2) hidrosodalita, a qual é a fase secundária, menos estável e observada ape-nas nas condições intermediárias. Esta última fase é mais desejável no contexto Bayer devido a menor quan-tidade de NaOH consumida. Observou-se que o favorecimento da formação desta fase depende de maiores tempos, concentração caustica e quantidade de caulinita

Application of Zr/Ti-PILC in the adsorption process of Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) using adsorption physico-chemical models and thermodinamics of the process

The aim of this investigation is to study how Zr/Ti-PILC adsorbs metals. The physico-chemical proprieties of Zr/Ti-PILC have been optimized with pillarization processes and Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) adsorption from aqueous solution has been carried out, with maximum adsorption values of 8.85, 8.30 and 7.78 x10-1 mmol g-1, respectively. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm models have been applied to fit the experimental data with a linear regression process. The energetic effect caused by metal interaction was determined through calorimetric titration at the solid-liquid interface and gave a net thermal effect that enabled the calculation of the exothermic values and the equilibrium constant.35335

Eflorescência salina na igreja de Santo Alexandre, Belém - PA

Os monumentos históricos de Belém, PA, têm alvenarias estruturais constituídas de pedras e tijolos maciços assentados com argamassa de cal e podem apresentar diversas patologias, entre as quais se destacam a eflorescência salina e a ação da umidade. Alguns autores explicam que esses dois agentes ocasionam destacamento de camadas, pulverização de argamassa, surgimento de fissuras e aparência esbranquiçada. A pesquisa teve como principal objetivo identificar o processo de degradação atuante na alvenaria do transepto direito da Igreja de Santo Alexandre por meio da aplicação de técnicas instrumentais analíticas. Foram realizadas análises laboratoriais com o intuito de entender as condicionantes favoráveis ao processo de eflorescência salina, os danos provocados aos materiais e os tipos de sais mais atuantes. Primeiramente foi realizado o mapeamento da alvenaria e o mapeamento de danos, verificando a situação atual e as áreas mais degradadas. Posteriormente, foi realizada a caracterização física por meio de análise granulométrica, análise de traço e análise do teor de umidade da alvenaria, a caracterização química – teste qualitativo e quantitativo de sais – e a caracterização mineralógica por difração de raios X. Verificou-se que as técnicas aplicadas se mostraram eficientes e auxiliaram no diagnóstico correto, norteando quais intervenções devem ser utilizadas para amenizar a problemática

Acetylation of Eugenol over 12-Molybdophosphoric Acid Anchored in Mesoporous Silicate Support Synthesized from Flint Kaolin

A new prepared catalyst, 12-molybdophosphoric acid (HPMo) anchored to the mesoporous aluminosilicate AlSiM, synthesized from Amazon kaolin, was characterized and used as a heterogeneous acid catalyst for the production of eugenyl acetate by acetylation of eugenol with acetic anhydride. The effect of various reaction parameters, such as catalyst concentration, eugenol/acetic anhydride molar ratio, temperature and reaction time, was studied to optimize the conditions of maximum conversion of eugenol. The kinetics studies showed that in eugenol acetylation, the substrate concentration follows a first order kinetics. The results of activation energy was 19.96 kJ mol−1 for HPMo anchored to AlSiM. The reuse of the catalyst was also studied and there was no loss of catalytic activity after four cycles of use (from 99.9% in the first cycle to 90% in the fifth cycle was confirmed), and an excellent stability of the material was observed. Based on catalytic and kinetic studies, HPMo anchored to AlSiM is considered an excellent catalyst

a concern for oral health

Funding Information: RL is a researcher from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and received grant under number 312275/2021–8. MC-L is also recognized by the CNPq as highly productive researcher with the grant number 313406/2021–9. Also, this research was funded by PROCAD Amazônia–CAPES (23038.005350/2018–78). The APC was funded by Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação from Federal University of Pará (PROPESP-UFPA). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2023 Chemelo, Bittencourt, Nascimento, Paiva, Delbem, Pessan, do Espírito Santo, Albuquerque, Angélica, Crespo-Lopez, Pessanha, Aschner and Lima.Although there are many studies on the health effects of methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity during in utero and early development, little is known about its effects on mineralized tissues present in the oral cavity, such as enamel structure. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of MeHg exposure on the physico-chemical, ultrastructural and functional properties of mature tooth enamel. Specifically, we studied offspring of mothers exposed to MeHg during the prenatal and postnatal periods which are the developmental stages associated with tooth enamel formation. Female rats were exposed to MeHg at a dose of 40 μg/kg/day for 42 days of pregnancy and lactation. The enamel of offspring was analyzed by (1) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman to assess physicochemical composition, (2) Scanning Electron Microscopy for ultrastructural evaluation, (3) Transmitted Polarizing Light Microscopy for analysis of the enamel extracellular matrix, and (4) resistance and hardness were evaluated by microhardness. The results showed that MeHg exposure during this sensitive enamel formation period induced changes in inorganic and organic content and enamel prisms ultrastructure alterations and disturbed the organic extracellular matrix due to a decreased enamel strength. These novel findings establish for the first time that maternal exposure to MeHg pre and postnatal promoted relevant changes in mature enamel of their offspring rats.publishersversionpublishe

Effects of inorganic mercury exposure in the alveolar bone of rats: an approach of qualitative and morphological aspects

Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa (PACI/PROPESP/UFPA/ Brazil), Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) – Finance Cod 001Background: In comparison to organic mercury (MeHg), the environmental inorganic mercury (IHg) can be found in some skin-lightening cosmestics were considered “harmless” for a long time. However, recent studies have shown that long-term exposure to low doses of IHg may affect biological systems. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of IHg long-term exposure to the alveolar bone of adult rats. Methods: Adult Wistar rats were distributed in control and HgCl2 exposed (0.375 mg/kg/day). After 45 days, the rats were euthanized and both blood and hemimandibles were collected. Total blood Hg levels were measured and both inorganic and organic components of the alveolar bone were determined through XRD and ATR-FTIR. The microstructure of the alveolar bone was assessed by using micro-CT and the morphometric analysis was performed by using stereomicroscopy. Results: Alterations in the physicochemical components of the alveolar bone of exposed animals were observed. The bone changes represented a tissue reaction at the microstructural level, such as bone volume increase. However, no significant dimensional changes (bone height) were observed. Conclusion: Exposure to IHg at this dose can promote microstructural changes and alteration in the organic and inorganic components in the alveolar bone.publishersversionpublishe