The Legacy of Chico Mendes: successes and obstacles in the Extractive Reserves

The idea of Extractive Reserves is a creation of Amazonian forest dwellers, and Chico Mendes, with the support of urban allies who gave visibility to the rubber tapper´s program on a national and international scale, promoting the idea within the forest communities. Extractive Reserves were proposed to recognize the rights of forest dwellers to traditionally occupied territories and to maintain the forests that are the basis of their way of life (Allegretti, 1990). With this program, seringueiros, caboclos and riparinos, previously invisible and residual inhabitants of the Amazon (Parker, 1985; Allegretti, 1979; Teixeira, 1980; Barbosa de Almeida, 1990; Nugent, 1993; Adams et al., 2006), gained a face and, in a turnaround of history, began to have a voice about their destinies (Carneiro da Cunha & Barbosa de Almeida, 2000). The program for which Chico Mendes fought made a difference. Thirty years after its assassination, there are in Brazil 94 Extractive Reserves that integrate the National System of Conservation Units, covering a total territory of 15 million and 500 thousand hectares, and 381 Extractivist Settlements under the Agrarian Reform program, covering 10, 8 million hectares. In these 26 million hectares (260,000 km2) there are rubber tappers and Brazil nut collectors, maroons, mollusc collectors, artisanal fishermen and other peasants who have in common extremely low environmental impact, conserving and expanding the diversity of cultures and techniques of the country. Extractive Reserves are forests (and other biomes) with high biodiversity inhabited by populations with low demographic density that use low intensity techniques. Extractive Reserves aim to reconcile territorial rights and cultural diversity with the conservation and increase of biodiversity.O conceito de Reservas Extrativistas foi criação de seringueiros amazônicos, e Chico Mendes, com o apoio de aliados urbanos que deram visibilidade ao programa em escala nacional e internacional, propagando a ideia nas comunidades da floresta. As Reservas Extrativistas foram propostas para reconhecer direitos de moradores da floresta a territórios tradicionalmente ocupados e manter as florestas que são a base de seu modo de vida (Allegretti, 1990). Com esse programa, seringueiros, caboclos e ribeirinhos, habitantes da Amazônia até então invisíveis e residuais (Parker, 1985; Allegretti, 1979; Teixeira, 1980; Barbosa de Almeida, 1990; Nugent, 1993; Adams et al., 2006), ganharam rosto e, numa reviravolta da história, começaram a ter voz sobre seus destinos (Carneiro da Cunha & Barbosa de Almeida, 2000). O programa pelo qual lutou Chico Mendes fez diferença. Trinta anos após seu assassinato, há no Brasil 94 Reservas Extrativistas que integram o sistema nacional de Unidades de Conservação, abrangendo um território total de 15 milhões e 500 mil hectares, além de 381 Assentamentos Extrativistas no âmbito do programa de Reforma Agrária, abrangendo 10,8 milhões de hectares. Nesses 26 milhões de hectares (260.000 km2) moram seringueiros e castanheiros, quilombolas, coletores de molusco, pescadores artesanais e outros camponeses que têm em comum baixíssimo impacto ambiental, conservando e ampliando a diversidade de culturas e técnicas do país. Reservas Extrativistas são florestas (e outros biomas) com alta biodiversidade habitadas por populações com baixa densidade demográfica que utilizam técnicas de baixa intensidade. As Reservas Extrativistas visam conciliar direitos territoriais e diversidade cultural com a conservação e aumento da biodiversidade

Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista

Ibicaba Farm, property of Senator Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro during the 19th century, was the subject of studies that focused on the experience with the sharecropping system. This article intends to undertake a revisit to Ibicaba through new lenses of observation. At first, it tries to insert Vergueiro's farm in the context of the changing World-economy of the first decades of the nineteenth century, and then highlight the importance of the spatial dimension of reality in this historical context. In the following two subitems, which constitute the core of the article, an analysis is made of the protocols - especially spatial - of control of the workers, used by the Vergueiros in order to extract the maximum of labor from slaves and sharecroppers, as well as the strategies that captives and immigrants used to escape from this surveillance. Finally, a brief recapitulation of the main points exposed and some considerations about the tensions that emerged in Ibicaba during the studied period are made.A Fazenda Ibicaba, propriedade do Senador Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro ao longo do século XIX, foi objeto de estudos que enfocaram a experiência com o sistema de parceria que ela abrigou. Este artigo pretende revisitar Ibicaba por meio de novas lentes de observação. Em um primeiro momento, buscar-se-á inserir a fazenda de Vergueiro no contexto de mudança pela qual a Economia-mundo passava nas primeiras décadas do Oitocentos para, em seguida, salientar a importância que a dimensão espacial da realidade cumpria nesse contexto histórico. Nos dois subitens seguintes, que constituem o núcleo do artigo, analisam-se os protocolos - sobretudo espaciais - de controle da mão de obra utilizados pelos Vergueiro, com vistas à máxima extração de trabalho de escravos e colonos, bem como as estratégias de que cativos e imigrantes lançaram mão para escapar dessa vigilância. Faz-se, ao fim, uma breve recapitulação dos principais pontos expostos e algumas considerações sobre as tensões que emergiram em Ibicaba durante o período estudado

7th Drug hypersensitivity meeting: part two

No abstract availabl

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Diagrams

A set of diagrams inspired by Marshall Sahlins’ reading of Philippe Descola's quadripartite ontological taxonomy, which aim at making explicit the complexity of actual ontologies