Response of Quercus ilex seedlings to Phytophthora spp. root infection in a soil infestation test

[EN] Phytophthora species are the main agents associated with oak (Quercus spp.) decline, together with the changing environmental conditions and the intensive land use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Quercus ilex to the inoculation with eight Phytophthora species. Seven to eight month old Q. ilex seedlings grown from acorns, obtained from two Spanish origins, were inoculated with P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea, P. gonapodyides, P. megasperma, P. nicotianae, P. plurivora, P. psychrophila and P. quercina. All Phytophthora inoculated seedlings showed decline and symptoms including small dark necrotic root lesions, root cankers, and loss of fine roots and tap root. The most aggressive species were P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea, P. gonapodyides, P. plurivora and P. psychrophila followed by P. megasperma., while Phytophthora quercina and P. nicotianae were the less aggressive species. Results obtained confirm that these Phytophthora species could constituted a threat to Q. ilex ecosystems and the implications are further discussed.The authors are grateful to A. Solla and his team from the Centro Universitario de Plasencia-Universidad de Extremadura (Spain) for helping in the acorns collection and to the CIEF (Centro para la Investigación y Experimentación Forestal, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain) for providing the acorns. This research was supported by funding from the project AGL2011- 30438-C02-01 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain).Mora-Sala, B.; Abad Campos, P.; Berbegal Martinez, M. (2018). Response of Quercus ilex seedlings to Phytophthora spp. root infection in a soil infestation test. European Journal of Plant Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-01650-6SÁlvarez, L. A., Pérez-Sierra, A., Armengol, J., & García-Jiménez, J. (2007). 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α2,3-Sialyltransferase ST3Gal III Modulates Pancreatic Cancer Cell Motility and Adhesion In Vitro and Enhances Its Metastatic Potential In Vivo

Background: Cell surface sialylation is emerging as an important feature of cancer cell metastasis. Sialyltransferase expression has been reported to be altered in tumours and may account for the formation of sialylated tumour antigens. We have focused on the influence of alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase ST3Gal III in key steps of the pancreatic tumorigenic process. Methodology/Principal Findings: ST3Gal III overexpressing pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines Capan-1 and MDAPanc-28 were generated. They showed an increase of the tumour associated antigen sialyl-Lewis x. The transfectants ’ E-selectin binding capacity was proportional to cell surface sialyl-Lewis x levels. Cellular migration positively correlated with ST3Gal III and sialyl-Lewis x levels. Moreover, intrasplenic injection of the ST3Gal III transfected cells into athymic nude mice showed a decrease in survival and higher metastasis formation when compared to the mock cells. Conclusion: In summary, the overexpression of ST3Gal III in these pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines underlines the rol

Valorisation of Biowastes for the Production of Green Materials Using Chemical Methods

With crude oil reserves dwindling, the hunt for a sustainable alternative feedstock for fuels and materials for our society continues to expand. The biorefinery concept has enjoyed both a surge in popularity and also vocal opposition to the idea of diverting food-grade land and crops for this purpose. The idea of using the inevitable wastes arising from biomass processing, particularly farming and food production, is, therefore, gaining more attention as the feedstock for the biorefinery. For the three main components of biomass—carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins—there are long-established processes for using some of these by-products. However, the recent advances in chemical technologies are expanding both the feedstocks available for processing and the products that be obtained. Herein, this review presents some of the more recent developments in processing these molecules for green materials, as well as case studies that bring these technologies and materials together into final products for applied usage

Sarcoptes scabiei infestation does not alter the stability of ectoparasite communities

Antecedentes: La muestra representa un ecosistema heterogéneo donde varias especies de parásitos concurren e interactúan entre sí por el espacio y los recursos. Aunque estas interacciones pueden gobernar las características de una pequeña comunidad y pueden conformar la respuesta a perturbaciones externas, la resiliencia de las comunidades ectoparásitas a nuevas infestaciones sigue siendo poco explorada. Métodos: Se analizó la composición del ectoparásito en comunidades ubicadas en 214 individuos de íbices ibérica (Capra pyrenaica) que habita en el Espacio Natural de Sierra Nevada, en el sur de España. Se utilizaron los esquemas de clasificación y regresión, exploramos cómo la presencia de Sarcoptes scabiei (un ácaro muy contagioso), en la muestra exterior y la manada rigen la prevalencia y abundancia de los piojos y las garrapatas. Ningún modelo se ha aplicado en el análisis para evaluar el impacto de S. scabiei sobre la estructura de las comunidades de ectoparásitos. Resultados: Nuestros resultados sugieren que la infestación de S. scabiei actúa en tándem con muestras externas y en la manada para definir la prevalencia y abundancia de los piojos y las garrapatas. También hemos aportado pruebas de diferencias en la concurrencia de especies sólo en las primeras etapas de la infestación de S. scabiei. Con respecto a la diversidad de las especies, grabamos al ectoparásito en comunidades de íbices con S. scabiei, que alcanzó una proliferación más rápida que en individuos sanos. Conclusiones: aunque nos muestran que la carga del ectoparásito está correlacionada con la infestación de S. scabiei, el entorno exterior y la manada, la respuesta a la infestación de la especie S. scabiei y el clima parece ser muy variable y está influido por rasgos de la historia vital del ectoparásito. Las comunidades de ectoparásitos también parecen resistentes a las perturbaciones, lo que está de acuerdo con lo previamente reportado para los endoparásitos. El futuro perfeccionamiento de la recogida de la muestra y la incorporación de los sistemas ecológicos y las variables epidemiológicas pueden permitirnos establecer efectos causales y profundizar los conocimientos sobre los mecanismos y las consecuencias de las interacciones de los ectoparásitos.Background: The host represents a heterogeneous ecosystem where multiple parasite species co-occur and interact with each other for space and resources. Although these interactions may rule the features of an infracommunity and may shape the infracommunity response to external perturbations, the resilience of ectoparasite communities to new infestations remains poorly explored. Methods: We analysed the composition of the ectoparasite communities found on 214 individual Iberian ibexes (Capra pyrenaica) inhabiting the Sierra Nevada Natural Space, southern Spain. Using classification and regression trees, we explored how the presence of Sarcoptes scabiei (a highly contagious mite), the off-host environment and the host sex govern the prevalence and abundance of lice and ticks. Null model analysis was applied to assess the impact of S.scabiei on the structure of the ectoparasite communities. Results: Our results suggest that S. scabiei infestation acts in tandem with off-host environment and host sex to define the prevalence and abundance of lice and ticks. We also provided evidence for differences in species co-occurrence only at the early stages of S. scabiei infestation. Regarding species diversity, we recorded that ectoparasite communities in scabietic ibexes reached a high richness faster than those in healthy individuals. Conclusions: Even though we show that ectoparasite burden is correlated with S. scabiei infestation, off-host environment and host sex, the species response to S. scabiei infestation and climate seem to be highly variable and influenced by ectoparasite life-history traits. Ectoparasite communities also appear resilient to perturbations which is in agreement with what was previously reported for endoparasites. Future refinement of sample collection and the incorporation of ecological and epidemiological-related variables may allow us to establish causal effects and deepen the knowledge about the mechanisms and consequences of ectoparasite interactions.Trabajo patrocinado por: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Proyecto CGL2012-40043-C02-01 Gobierno de Andalucía. Ayuda RNM-118 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, European Social Fund y Ministério da Educação e Ciência, National Funds. Beca PhD SFRH/BD/98387/2013 para João Carvalho Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. Programa Postdoctoral SFRH/BPD/96637/2013 para Emmanuel Serrano Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia y Ministério da Educação e Ciência, para CESAM RU (UID/AMB/50017)peerReviewe