PEMANFAATAN MINYAK GORENG BEKAS MENJADI DETERGEN ALAMI MELALUI KOMBINASI REAKSI TRANS-ESTERIFIKASI DAN SULFONASI

Deterjen adalah produk yang banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk membersihkan pakaian. Mengingat efek buruk detergen sintetis bagi alam yaitu susah terdegradasi oleh alam, maka perlu di cari inovasi pengganti bahan pembuatan detergen yang ramah lingkungan dan juga pengurangan limbah minyak goreng bekas yang cukup melimpah. Dengan dilakukannya studi ini diharapkan dapat mengetahui kondisi optimum pembuatan detergen alami dari minyak goreng bekas dengan teknologi tepat guna, serta mengetahui variabel yang berpengaruh dalam pembuatannya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memproduksi Metil ester sulfonat (MES) sebagai bahan aktif dalam detergen dengan proses kombinasi trans-esterifikasi dan sulfonasi dengan bahan baku minyak goreng bekas yang selanjutnya di pelajari kondisi operasi dalam pembuatan detergen alami dari MES yang di campurkan bahan lain sebagi komposisi detergen tersebut. Penelitian ini mengkaji suhu operasi, %zeolit, dan kecepatan pengadukan sehingga di dapat kondisi operasi optimum dalam pembuatan detergen alami dari minyak goreng bekas. Variabel tetap yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah volume MES sebanyak 100ml, berat CMC sebanyak 20%, berat soda ash sebanyak 45%, dan jenis bahan penunjang yaitu zeolit Na . Sedangkan variabel berubahnya adalah suhu operasi pada 60oC, 80oC dan 100oC, % zeolit sebanyak 10%, 20%, dan 30%, serta kecepatan pengadukan 120 rpm, 180 rpm dan 240 rpm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum pada suhu 105°C, kecepatan pengadukan 260 rpm, dan % zeolit sebanyak 32% sehingga menghasilkan daya detergensi sebesar 46% mendekati daya detergensi surfaktan LAS murni sehingga detergen dari minyak goring bekas ini layak di gunakan. Variabel bebas yang paling berpengaruh adalah kecepatan pengadukan, di ikuti oleh %zeolit kemudian suhu

The histology of ovarian cancer: worldwide distribution and implications for international survival comparisons (CONCORD-2)

Objective Ovarian cancers comprise several histologically distinct tumour groups with widely different prognosis. We aimed to describe the worldwide distribution of ovarian cancer histology and to understand what role this may play in international variation in survival. Methods The CONCORD programme is the largest population-based study of global trends in cancer survival. Data on 681,759 women diagnosed during 1995â\u80\u932009 with cancer of the ovary, fallopian tube, peritoneum and retroperitonum in 51 countries were included. We categorised ovarian tumours into six histological groups, and explored the worldwide distribution of histology. Results During 2005â\u80\u932009, type II epithelial tumours were the most common. The proportion was much higher in Oceania (73.1%), North America (73.0%) and Europe (72.6%) than in Central and South America (65.7%) and Asia (56.1%). By contrast, type I epithelial tumours were more common in Asia (32.5%), compared with only 19.4% in North America. From 1995 to 2009, the proportion of type II epithelial tumours increased from 68.6% to 71.1%, while the proportion of type I epithelial tumours fell from 23.8% to 21.2%. The proportions of germ cell tumours, sex cord-stromal tumours, other specific non-epithelial tumours and tumours of non-specific morphology all remained stable over time. Conclusions The distribution of ovarian cancer histology varies widely worldwide. Type I epithelial, germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumours are generally associated with higher survival than type II tumours, so the proportion of these tumours may influence survival estimates for all ovarian cancers combined. The distribution of histological groups should be considered when comparing survival between countries and regions

Pemanfaatan Minyak Goreng Bekas Menjadi Detergen Alami Melalui Kombinasi Reaksi Trans-esterifikasi Dan Sulfonasi

Deterjen adalah produk yang banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk membersihkan pakaian. Mengingat efek buruk detergen sintetis bagi alam yaitu susah terdegradasi oleh alam, maka perlu di cari inovasi pengganti bahan pembuatan detergen yang ramah lingkungan dan juga pengurangan limbah minyak goreng bekas yang cukup melimpah. Dengan dilakukannya studi ini diharapkan dapat mengetahui kondisi optimum pembuatan detergen alami dari minyak goreng bekas dengan teknologi tepat guna, serta mengetahui variabel yang berpengaruh dalam pembuatannya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memproduksi Metil ester sulfonat (MES) sebagai bahan aktif dalam detergen dengan proses kombinasi trans-esterifikasi dan sulfonasi dengan bahan baku minyak goreng bekas yang selanjutnya di pelajari kondisi operasi dalam pembuatan detergen alami dari MES yang di campurkan bahan lain sebagi komposisi detergen tersebut. Penelitian ini mengkaji suhu operasi, %zeolit, dan kecepatan pengadukan sehingga di dapat kondisi operasi optimum dalam pembuatan detergen alami dari minyak goreng bekas. Variabel tetap yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah volume MES sebanyak 100ml, berat CMC sebanyak 20%, berat soda ash sebanyak 45%, dan jenis bahan penunjang yaitu zeolit Na . Sedangkan variabel berubahnya adalah suhu operasi pada 60oC, 80oC dan 100oC, % zeolit sebanyak 10%, 20%, dan 30%, serta kecepatan pengadukan 120 rpm, 180 rpm dan 240 rpm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum pada suhu 105°C, kecepatan pengadukan 260 rpm, dan % zeolit sebanyak 32% sehingga menghasilkan daya detergensi sebesar 46% mendekati daya detergensi surfaktan LAS murni sehingga detergen dari minyak goring bekas ini layak di gunakan. Variabel bebas yang paling berpengaruh adalah kecepatan pengadukan, di ikuti oleh %zeolit kemudian suhu

Paradigma baru konsep proteksi radiasi di bidang radiologi kedokteran gigi: ALARA menjadi ALADAIP

Objectives: This article is aimed to widely share information and discuss further about the emerging transformation theories of the traditional radiation protection concept of ALARA into some more modern proposed concepts, particularly in dentomaxillofacial radiology. Literature Review: The concept of radiation protection in the use of X-ray modalities in the medical field has developed along with the development of science over past decades. The concept of ALARA which has been widely known for a long time and is used as a basic of theory or main reference in radiation protection policies in several countries or at the international level now becomes a traditional, conservative and invalid principle to apply. There are several emerging theories which are considered to be more valid and representative to replace the ALARA principle. Conclusion: Newer concepts of radiation protection that have developed, ALADAIP, are considered to be more precise and specific to be the main principle of radiation protection at this time, especially in the field of dentomaxillofacial radiology

Ostiomeatal complex inflammation with a rare ethmoid sinolith utilizing cone-beam computed tomography: a clinical and radiological approach to diagnosis

A 28-year-old female patient was referred for panoramic radiography during a regular dental check-up. The dentist pointed out an additional suspicion of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis as she had complained of nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, postnasal drip, and frontal headache at the time. In this present case, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging modality was utilized to evaluate the paranasal sinuses and detect any pathologic signs. This study aims to highlight the potential value of the modality for the identification of paranasal sinus diseases by presenting a rare finding of an ethmoid sinolith associated with a persistent ostiomeatal complex inflammation. The insufficient data currently available on the incidence of ethmoid sinoliths emphasize the significance of reports intended to inform practitioners about the imaging properties of these calcifications. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first case report that demonstrated the primary utilization of dental CBCT in detecting ethmoid sinolith in a straightforward manne

Ostiomeatal complex inflammation with a rare ethmoid sinolith utilizing cone-beam computed tomography: A clinical and radiological approach to diagnosis

A 28-year-old female patient was referred for panoramic radiography during a regular dental check-up. The dentist pointed out an additional suspicion of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis as she had complained of nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, postnasal drip, and frontal headache at the time. In this present case, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging modality was utilized to evaluate the paranasal sinuses and detect any pathologic signs. This study aims to highlight the potential value of the modality for the identification of paranasal sinus diseases by presenting a rare finding of an ethmoid sinolith associated with a persistent ostiomeatal complex inflammation. The insufficient data currently available on the incidence of ethmoid sinoliths emphasize the significance of reports intended to inform practitioners about the imaging properties of these calcifications. To the author's knowledge, this is the first case report that demonstrated the primary utilization of dental CBCT in detecting ethmoid sinolith in a straightforward manner