Incorporating psychology into cyber security education: A pedagogical approach

The role of the human in cyber security is well acknowledged. Many cyber security incidents rely upon targets performing specific behavioural actions, such as opening a link within a phishing email. Cyber adversaries themselves are driven by psychological processes such as motivation, group dynamics and social identity. Furthermore, both intentional and unintentional insider threats are associated with a range of psychological factors, including cognitive load, mental wellbeing, trust and interpersonal relations. By incorporating psychology into cyber security education, practitioners will be better equipped with the skills they need to address cyber security issues. However, there are challenges in doing so. Psychology is a broad discipline, and many theories, approaches and methods may have little practical significance to cyber security. There is a need to sift through the literature to identify what can be applied to cyber security. There are also pedagogical differences in how psychology and cyber security are taught and also psychological differences in the types of student that may typically study psychology and cyber security. To engage with cyber security students, it is important that these differences are identified and positively addressed. Essential to this endeavor is the need to discuss and collaborate across the two disciplines. In this paper, we explore these issues and discuss our experiences as psychology and cyber security academics who work across disciplines to deliver psychology education to cyber security students, practitioners and commercial clients

Mouse and human Notch-1 regulate mucosal immune responses.

The Notch-1 signaling pathway is responsible for homeostatic tight junction expression in vitro, and promotes barrier function in vivo in the RAG1-adoptive transfer model of colitis. In this study, we sought to determine the role of colonic Notch-1 in the lymphoepithelial crosstalk in health and disease. We utilized in vivo and in vitro knockdown to target the expression of Notch-1. We identified that epithelial Notch-1 is required for appropriate activation of intestinal epithelial cells at steady state and upon inflammatory stimulus. Notch-1 expression modulates mucosal chemokine and cytokine secretion, and FoxP3 and effector T-cell responses. We showed that epithelial Notch-1 controls the immune function of the epithelium through crosstalk with the nuclear factor-jB (NF-jB)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways that, in turn, elicits T-cell responses. Overall, epithelial Notch-1 bridges innate and adaptive immunity in the gut. Our findings highlight an indispensable role for Notch-1-mediated signaling in the intricate epithelial-immune crosstalk, and validate that epithelial Notch-1 is necessary and sufficient to support protective epithelial proinflammatory responses

Atomic-scale structure of gel materials by solid-state NMR

The underlying principles of solid-state NMR spectroscopy are outlined with an emphasis on the physical origins of the interactions that affect NMR spectra so that an understanding of the structural information they convey is clearly understood. The fundamental components of the experimental approach are described. How the experimental data can be analyzed to provide structural characterization of sol-gel materials is illustrated through a series of examples from the literature. The short-range structural sensitivity of NMR means that it is an ideal probe of sol-gel materials since they are structurally disordered. Given the importance of silicates in sol-gel science, 29Si magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR is a widely used nucleus in solid-state NMR studies of sol-gel materials. However, it is emphasized that to derive maximum benefit fromNMR characterization, a multinuclear approach is used, although each nucleus will have its own particular considerations which are presented. In this second edition, key advances in the experimental methodology (e.g., much higher applied magnetic fields, faster MAS rates, more sophisticated excitation approaches) since 2005 are outlined. The use of first-principles computational approaches to calculate NMR interaction parameters and hence better constrain structure provides an important additional dimension to the NMR approach. Materials where there has been a substantial expansion of sol-gel approaches since 2005 are included, with, for example, novel sol-gel schemes opening up preparation of phosphates where 31P MAS NMR is a sensitive structural probe. Another area where there has been substantial sol-gel activity since 2005 is in the preparation of bioactive calcium silicate-based materials, where multinuclear NMR is an ideal probe, including the use of 43Ca, a quadrupolar nucleus with a small magnetic moment, which has only really become readily accessible in recent years. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

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