Relativistic wave equations for interacting massive particles with arbitrary half-intreger spins

New formulation of relativistic wave equations (RWE) for massive particles with arbitrary half-integer spins s interacting with external electromagnetic fields are proposed. They are based on wave functions which are irreducible tensors of rank $n ($n=s-\frac12$) antisymmetric w.r.t. n pairs of indices, whose components are bispinors. The form of RWE is straightforward and free of inconsistencies associated with the other approaches to equations describing interacting higher spin particles

Análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em cordeiros da raça Bergamácia, do nascimento aos 35 dias de idade

RESUMO A atividade do sistema nervoso autônomo sobre o coração pode ser verificada pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), método que quantifica e assim infere sobre a modulação autonômica cardíaca, refletindo o funcionamento do sistema nervoso autônomo. Durante o período neonatal, diferenças significativas no que se refere à maturação autonômica são descritas em diversas espécies. Embora a espécie ovina venha sendo utilizada como modelo experimental em diversos protocolos em neonatologia e cardiologia em humanos, estudos descritivos sobre a VFC utilizando animais saudáveis e não sedados são escassos na literatura. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a VFC em cordeiros da raça Bergamácia durante os primeiros 35 dias de idade. Foram realizados exames eletrocardiográficos em 20 cordeiros da raça Bergamácia a partir do nascimento e semanalmente até o 35° dia de idade. A VFC foi analisada pelo intervalo RR normal (batimentos sinusais), pela frequência cardíaca, pelo índice de tônus vasovagal (iTVV), pela raiz quadrada da média do quadrado das diferenças entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes (RMSSD) e pela raiz quadrada da somatória do quadrado das diferenças dos valores individuais em relação ao valor médio, dividido pelo número de iR-R em 90 segundos - VFC global (RMSM). Todos os parâmetros se alteraram ao longo das semanas. A frequência cardíaca média elevou-se entre o nascimento e os primeiros sete dias de idade, com decréscimo nas quatro semanas subsequentes, sendo o menor valor encontrado aos 35 dias de idade (145,63±37,80bpm). Entre 21, 28 e 35 dias de idade, o iTVV elevou-se significativamente, o RMSM a partir do 28º dia, e, aos 35 dias, o RMSSD, reflexo da ativação parassimpática, exibiu diferenças em relação aos momentos subsequentes. O início da predominância parassimpática, refletida nos índices da VFC, particularmente o iTVV, ocorre aos 21 dias de idade. A partir dos 35 dias de idade, os índices RMSM e RMSSD podem ser utilizados como marcadores fidedignos das mudanças nos efeitos simpático e parassimpático sobre o coração de cordeiros

Nonlinear normal modes and band zones in granular chains with no precompression

peer reviewedWe study standing waves (nonlinear normal modes—NNMs) and band zones in finite granular chains composed of spherical granular beads in Hertzian contact, with fixed boundary conditions. Although these are homogeneous dynamical systems in the notation of Rosenberg, we show that the discontinuous nature of the dynamics leads to interesting effects such as separation between beads, NNMs that appear as traveling waves (these are characterized as pseudo-waves), and localization phenomena. In the limit of infinite extent, we study band zones, i.e., pass and stop bands in the frequency–energy plane of these dynamical systems, and classify the essentially nonlinear responses that occur in these bands. Moreover, we show how the topologies of these bands significantly affect the forced dynamics of these granular media subject to narrowband excitations. This work provides a classification of the coherent (regular) intrinsic dynamics of one-dimensional homogeneous granular chains with no pre-compression, and provides a rigorous theoretical foundation for further systematic study of the dynamics of granular systems, e.g., the effects of disorders or clearances, discrete breathers, nonlinear localized modes, and high-frequency scattering by local disorders. Moreover, it contributes toward the design of granular media as shock protectors, and in the passive mitigation of transmission of unwanted disturbances

CARINA data Synthesis Project

ORNL/CDIAC-157, NDP-091. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TennesseeThe CARINA (CARbon dioxide IN the Atlantic Ocean) data synthesis project is an international collaborative effort of the EU IP CARBOOCEAN, and US partners. It has produced a merged internally consistent data set of open ocean subsurface measurements for biogeochemical investigations, in particular, studies involving the carbon system. The original focus area was the North Atlantic Ocean, but over time the geographic extent expanded and CARINA now includes data from the entire Atlantic, the Arctic Ocean, and the Southern Ocean. Carbon data from the Pacific Ocean are being synthesized in the PICES effort.The CARINA database includes data from 188 cruises. The salinity, oxygen, nutrient, inorganic carbon system and CFC data have been subjected to extensive quality control (QC) and adjustments have been made when necessary. The internally consistent data are available as three data products, one each for the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, the Atlantic and the Southern Oceans (CARINA Data Products). In addition, all of the individual cruise data files have been made available in WOCE exchange format in a single location (Cruise Summary Table) along with metadata and references. We strongly recommend users to employ the data products instead of the individual cruise files as the data in the latter have not been corrected for biases identified during the secondary QC. The CARINA effort is further described in the following as well as in the CARINA special issue of Earth System Science Data (ESSD) Journal.The CARINA database is available free of charge as a numeric data package (NDP) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). The NDP consists of the original oceanographic data files from 188 cruises, three data products and this documentation, which describes the CARINA project