Earliness and morphotypes of common wheat cultivars of Western and Eastern Siberia

The global and local climate changes determine the producing of highly-adaptive common (bread) wheat commercial cultivars of a new generation whose optimal earliness matches the climatic features of the territory where the cultivars are farmed. Principal component analysis involving our own and published data has been applied to investigate 98 commercial common wheat cultivars from Western and Eastern Siberia comparing their morphotypes; cultivar zoning time; length of the vegetation period; 1000-grain weight, and inheritance of spring growth habit. It demonstrated that the dominant Vrn gene polymorphism determining the spring growth habit of the Siberian cultivars was minimally polymorphic. In 75 % of the tested cultivars, the spring growth habit was controlled by digenic, namely dominant Vrn-A1 and Vrn-B1 genes. In 25 % of them (24 cultivars), spring growth habit is controlled by a single gene. In 19 and 5 of these cultivars spring growth habit is controlled by only one dominant gene, Vrn-B1 or Vrn-A1, respectively. In cv. Tulun 15, a trigenic control was identified. A conclusion about the optimality of the digenic control for the climatic conditions of both Western and Eastern Siberia has been confirmed. However, since none of the tested cultivars had the dominant Vrn-D1 gene typical of the regions of China and Central Asia bordering Siberia, it can be considered as an additional argument in favor of the European origin of Siberian common wheat cultivars. The revealed high frequency of the Vrn-B1c allele in the Western Siberian cultivars and the Vrn-B1a allele in the Eastern Siberian cultivars suggests their selectivity. The analysis also confirmed the dominance of red glume (ferrugineum, milturum) and awned spike (ferrugineum, erythrospermum) varieties in the Eastern Siberian cultivars, and white glume and awnedless spike (lutescens and albidum) ones in the Western Siberian cultivars. Small grain size cultivars are more typical of Eastern than Western Siberia. The retrospective analysis based on the cultivars’ zoning time included in the “State Register for Selection Achievements Admitted for Usage” brought us to the conclusion that the earliness/lateness of modern Siberian commercial cultivars was not regionally but rather zonally-associated (taiga, subtaiga, forest-steppe and steppe zones)

Cosine families and semigroups really differ

We reveal three surprising properties of cosine families, distinguishing them from semigroups of operators: (1) A single trajectory of a cosine family is either strongly continuous or not measurable. (2) Pointwise convergence of a sequence of equibounded cosine families implies that the convergence is almost uniform for time in the entire real line; in particular, cosine families cannot be perturbed in a singular way. (3) A non-constant trajectory of a bounded cosine family does not have a limit at infinity; in particular, the rich theory of asymptotic behaviour of semigroups does not have a counterpart for cosine families. In addition, we show that equibounded cosine families that converge strongly and almost uniformly in time may fail to converge uniformly.Adam Bobrowski and Wojciech Chojnack

Plasma–liquid interactions: a review and roadmap

Plasma–liquid interactions represent a growing interdisciplinary area of research involving plasma science, fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, photolysis, multiphase chemistry and aerosol science. This review provides an assessment of the state-of-the-art of this multidisciplinary area and identifies the key research challenges. The developments in diagnostics, modeling and further extensions of cross section and reaction rate databases that are necessary to address these challenges are discussed. The review focusses on non-equilibrium plasmas

Second Order Equations in Functional Spaces: Qualitative and Discrete Well-Posedness

The present survey contains the recent results on the local and nonlocal well-posed problems for second order differential and difference equations. Results on the stability of differential problems for second order equations and of difference schemes for approximate solution of the second order problems are presented

Development and Study of Technological Visual Programming of Logic Control Problems

The approach to logic control programming using a technological language was described. It is based on the use of a tabular cyclogram directly as a programming language. It was shown that using a cyclogram, it is possible to describe the complete algorithm of logic control of industrial equipment, and with its use to generate automatically a program code in standard languages of programming of industrial controllers. This approach will make it possible to involve engineers-technologists, who are the most competent experts in the field of automated process, in the process of developing and debugging of control programs.The benefits of technological visual programming in comparison with the conventional approach to control programming were described. The requirements for the necessary structure of a specialized programming environment with the use of a tabular language of technological cyclograms were stated. During experiments in the developed environment, the authors described in the cyclogram language the algorithm of controlling a portal industrial robot, by which a specialized translator automatically generated the complete program code in the language of IEC 61131-3 standard for PLC microprocessor. In addition, within the proposed approach, the authors described the possibility to generate automatically a complete description of a logical controlling automatic machine of increased reliability in HDL-language using the same cyclogram and the template.Technological visual programming makes it possible to involve engineers-technologists directly in the process of control programming, which decreases labor consumption of developing control systems and enhances the quality of a program code. The technological cyclogram itself can be widely used by various specialists at the stages of launch-adjusting operations, maintenance and modernization of control systems, and as technical documentation during the operational phas