Information Gains from Cosmological Probes

In light of the growing number of cosmological observations, it is important to develop versatile tools to quantify the constraining power and consistency of cosmological probes. Originally motivated from information theory, we use the relative entropy to compute the information gained by Bayesian updates in units of bits. This measure quantifies both the improvement in precision and the 'surprise', i.e. the tension arising from shifts in central values. Our starting point is a WMAP9 prior which we update with observations of the distance ladder, supernovae (SNe), baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), and weak lensing as well as the 2015 Planck release. We consider the parameters of the flat $\Lambda$CDM concordance model and some of its extensions which include curvature and Dark Energy equation of state parameter $w$. We find that, relative to WMAP9 and within these model spaces, the probes that have provided the greatest gains are Planck (10 bits), followed by BAO surveys (5.1 bits) and SNe experiments (3.1 bits). The other cosmological probes, including weak lensing (1.7 bits) and {$\rm H_0$} measures (1.7 bits), have contributed information but at a lower level. Furthermore, we do not find any significant surprise when updating the constraints of WMAP9 with any of the other experiments, meaning that they are consistent with WMAP9. However, when we choose Planck15 as the prior, we find that, accounting for the full multi-dimensionality of the parameter space, the weak lensing measurements of CFHTLenS produce a large surprise of 4.4 bits which is statistically significant at the 8 $\sigma$ level. We discuss how the relative entropy provides a versatile and robust framework to compare cosmological probes in the context of current and future surveys.Comment: 26 pages, 5 figure

A convenient category of locally preordered spaces

As a practical foundation for a homotopy theory of abstract spacetime, we extend a category of certain compact partially ordered spaces to a convenient category of locally preordered spaces. In particular, we show that our new category is Cartesian closed and that the forgetful functor to the category of compactly generated spaces creates all limits and colimits.Comment: 26 pages, 0 figures, partially presented at GETCO 2005; changes: claim of Prop. 5.11 weakened to finite case and proof changed due to problems with proof of Lemma 3.26, now removed; Eg. 2.7, statement before Lem. 2.11, typos, and other minor problems corrected throughout; extensive rewording; proof of Lem. 3.31, now 3.30, adde

Quantifying Tensions between CMB and Distance Datasets in Models with Free Curvature or Lensing Amplitude

Recent measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) by the Planck Collaboration have produced arguably the most powerful observational evidence in support of the standard model of cosmology, i.e. the spatially flat $\Lambda$CDM paradigm. In this work, we perform model selection tests to examine whether the base CMB temperature and large scale polarization anisotropy data from Planck 2015 (P15) prefer any of eight commonly used one-parameter model extensions with respect to flat $\Lambda$CDM. We find a clear preference for models with free curvature, $\Omega_\mathrm{K}$, or free amplitude of the CMB lensing potential, $A_\mathrm{L}$. We also further develop statistical tools to measure tension between datasets. We use a Gaussianization scheme to compute tensions directly from the posterior samples using an entropy-based method, the surprise, as well as a calibrated evidence ratio presented here for the first time. We then proceed to investigate the consistency between the base P15~CMB data and six other CMB and distance datasets. In flat $\Lambda$CDM we find a $4.8\sigma$ tension between the base P15~CMB data and a distance ladder measurement, whereas the former are consistent with the other datasets. In the curved $\Lambda$CDM model we find significant tensions in most of the cases, arising from the well-known low power of the low-$\ell$ multipoles of the CMB data. In the flat $\Lambda$CDM $+A_\mathrm{L}$ model, however, all datasets are consistent with the base P15~CMB observations except for the CMB lensing measurement, which remains in significant tension. This tension is driven by the increased power of the CMB lensing potential derived from the base P15~CMB constraints in both models, pointing at either potentially unresolved systematic effects or the need for new physics beyond the standard flat $\Lambda$CDM model.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, 6 table

Biochemical Properties of a Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotide Inhibitor of STAT3 Transcription Factor.

Cyclic STAT3 decoy (CS3D) is a second-generation, double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) that mimics a genomic response element for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), an oncogenic transcription factor. CS3D competitively inhibits STAT3 binding to target gene promoters, resulting in decreased expression of proteins that promote cellular proliferation and survival. Previous studies have demonstrated antitumor activity of CS3D in preclinical models of solid tumors. However, prior to entering human clinical trials, the efficiency of generating the CS3D molecule and its stability in biological fluids should be determined. CS3D is synthesized as a single-stranded ODN and must have its free ends ligated to generate the final cyclic form. In this study, we report a ligation efficiency of nearly 95 percent. The ligated CS3D demonstrated a half-life of 7.9 h in human serum, indicating adequate stability for intravenous delivery. These results provide requisite biochemical characterization of CS3D that will inform upcoming clinical trials

ANALISIS RUSAKNYA BEARING PADA INTERMEDIATE SHAFT BEARING DI MT. KUANG

INTISARI Ifti Grandis Ambrianto, 2020, NIT : 52155801 T, “Analisis Rusaknya Bearing pada Intermediate Shaft Bearing di MT. Kuang”, skripsi Program Studi Teknika, Progran Diploma IV, Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang, Pembimbing I: H. Mustholiq, M.M, M.Mar.E dan Pembimbing II: Budi Joko Raharjo, M.M . Intermediate shaft bearing merupakan bantalan penopang poros penghubung yang terletak di antara mesin induk dan propeller shaft, yang berfungsi sebagai penahan dari beban shaft tersebut sehingga dapat memperkecil timbulnya kebengkokan pada shaft. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab kerusakan bearing pada intermediate shaft bearing, dampak yang ditimbulkan dari kerusakan bearing pada intermediate shaft bearing dan upaya yang dilakukan untuk mencegah faktor penyebab kerusakan bearing pada intermediate shaft bearing di MT. Kuang. Metode penelitian yang penulis gunakan dalam penyusunan skripsi ini adalah deskriptif kualitaf dengan menggunakan pendekatan fishbone dan SHEL untuk mempermudah dalam teknik analisis data. Metode pengumpulan data yang penulis lakukan adalah dengan cara observasi, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah penulis lakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa faktor penyebab kerusakan bearing padaintermediate shaft bearing di MT. Kuang adalah adanya lumpur pada minyak pelumas yang disebabkan oleh pemakaian minyak pelumas dalam jangka waktu yang lama tanpa adanya penggantian minyak pelumas. Dampak yang ditimbulkan adalah keausan pada bearing dan shaft serta memicu kebengkokan pada shaft. Untuk mencegah faktor-faktor penyebab kerusakan bearing pada intermediate shaft bearing, upaya yang harus dilakukan adalah dengan pengecekan pada suhu dan volume minyak pelumas serta melakukan pengantian minyak pelumas secara ruti

MR Imaging Findings in 2 Cases of Late Infantile GM1 Gangliosidosis

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Liquid-liquid coexistence in the phase diagram of a fluid confined in fractal porous materials

Multicanonical ensemble sampling simulations have been performed to calculate the phase diagram of a Lennard-Jones fluid embedded in a fractal random matrix generated through diffusion limited cluster aggregation. The study of the system at increasing size and constant porosity shows that the results are independent from the matrix realization but not from the size effects. A gas-liquid transition shifted with respect to bulk is found. On growing the size of the system on the high density side of the gas-liquid coexistence curve it appears a second coexistence region between two liquid phases. These two phases are characterized by a different behaviour of the local density inside the interconnected porous structure at the same temperature and chemical potential.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. To be published in Europhys. Letter

The comparison of latero-medial versus dorso-palmar/plantar drilling for cartilage removal in the proximal interphalangeal joint

The aims of the present study were to compare the percentages of articular cartilage removed using a lateral drilling approach of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) and a dorsal drilling approach, and to assess the usefulness of digital fluoroscopy when performing a lateral drilling approach. Sixty cadaveric PIPJs were drilled using a surgical drill bit to remove the articular cartilage. The limbs were divided into three groups containing 10 forelimbs and 10 hindlimbs each. One group received the dorsal drilling approach, the second one received the lateral drilling approach and the last one received the lateral drilling approach under digital fluoroscopy guidance. The percentage of articular cartilage removed from each articular surface was assessed using Adobe Photoshop® software. The percentages of removed cartilage turned out to be significantly higher with lateral approach, especially under fluoroscopic guidance, both in the forelimbs (p = 0.00712) and hindlimbs (p = 0.00962). In conclusion, the lateral drilling approach seems to be a minimally invasive technique with which to perform PIPJ arthrodesis, even more efficient than the previously reported dorsal approach