Sodium Diffusion through Aluminum-Doped Zeolite BEA System: Effect of Water Solvation

To investigate the effect of hydration on the diffusion of sodium ions through the aluminum-doped zeolite BEA system (Si/Al = 30), we used the grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method to predict the water absorption into aluminosilicate zeolite structure under various conditions of vapor pressure and temperature, followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate how the sodium diffusion depends on the concentration of water molecules. The predicted absorption isotherm shows first-order-like transition, which is commonly observed in hydrophobic porous systems. The MD trajectories indicate that the sodium ions diffuse through zeolite porous structures via hopping mechanism, as previously discussed for similar solid electrolyte systems. These results show that above 15 wt % hydration (good solvation regime) the formation of the solvation cage dramatically increases sodium diffusion by reducing the hopping energy barrier by 25% from the value of 3.8 kcal/mol observed in the poor solvation regime

Principles And Practices Fostering Inclusive Excellence: Lessons From The Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Capstone Institutions

Best-practices pedagogy in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) aims for inclusive excellence that fosters student persistence. This paper describes principles of inclusivity across 11 primarily undergraduate institutions designated as Capstone Awardees in Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s (HHMI) 2012 competition. The Capstones represent a range of institutional missions, student profiles, and geographical locations. Each successfully directed activities toward persistence of STEM students, especially those from traditionally underrepresented groups, through a set of common elements: mentoring programs to build community; research experiences to strengthen scientific skill/identity; attention to quantitative skills; and outreach/bridge programs to broaden the student pool. This paper grounds these program elements in learning theory, emphasizing their essential principles with examples of how they were implemented within institutional contexts. We also describe common assessment approaches that in many cases informed programming and created traction for stakeholder buy-in. The lessons learned from our shared experiences in pursuit of inclusive excellence, including the resources housed on our companion website, can inform others’ efforts to increase access to and persistence in STEM in higher education

An ansatz for spacetimes of zero gravitational mass : global monopoles and textures

We propose a geometric ansatz, a restriction on Euclidean / Minkowski distance in the embedding space being propotional to distance in the embedded space, to generate spacetimes with vanishing gravitational mass ($R_{ik} u^i u^k = 0, u_i u^i = 1$). It turns out that these spacetimes can represent global monopoles and textures. Thus the ansatz is a prescription to generate zero mass spacetimes that could describe topological defects, global monopoles and textures.Comment: 9 pages, LaTeX versio

Home Insulation for a Sustainable Future

Home Insulation for a Sustainable Future James Bigelow, Kalil Davis, David Breaux Home Innovation Research Labs reported that 71% of all insulation used by United States’ residential contractors is fiberglass based. This makes sense since fiberglass insulation is affordable, readily available, and easy to install. However, fiberglass has a negative impact on indoor air quality during construction; according to multiple reputable sources such as The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (C.D.C.), this can lead to skin, eye, and airway irritation. Additionally, the manufacturing process for fiberglass insulation produces greenhouse gasses that are harmful to the environment. Herein, a case study will be conducted on a residential building that is under construction in Volusia County, Florida. When the constraints are defined, the use of alternative materials will be explored. This exploration will be referenced to three major factors, economics, effectiveness, and environmental effect. Along with the three factors listed, the project will be guided by the three overlapping circles model of sustainability. Initially, a research phase will be conducted to report alternate options for the replacement of fiberglass insulation. Then decision matrices will be used to determine the best alternative to fiberglass insulation. Each decision matrix will provide different criteria for the alternative insulations; economy, environment, and effectiveness. The alternative insulation will be evaluated based on sales data, impacts on human health and safety, and residential energy consumption. Sales will be analyzed using business data analytics, including profit, production costs, and units sold. Human health and safety will be measured through air quality tests and assessing any acute or chronic health effects or necessary personal protective equipment. Energy consumption will be determined by monthly gas and electricity usage for heating and cooling the building. These assessments are meant to represent the three primary dimensions of sustainability; Society, Economy, and Environment. To ensure the efficient use of resources and to meet stakeholder needs, a stakeholder analysis will be conducted. This involves identifying all parties impacted by the project and evaluating their level of influence and interest in the project. To conclude, the aim of this study is to identify and evaluate sustainable options of insulating residential homes. Currently the results are unclear and more research is required to determine a solution

Vegetative Change on South Padre Island, Texas, over Twenty Years and Evaluation of Multispectral Videography in Determining Vegetative Cover and Species Identity

A comparative vegetation analysis of an island-wide transect of South Padre Island, Texas, was conducted in 1997 using aerial multispectral digital videography and line intercept ground truth techniques to assess the usefulness of videography in estimating vegetative cover and species identifications. Ground truth data were used to assess vegetative change occurring in the 20 years since the report of Judd et al. (1977) on the vegetation of South Padre Island. Estimates of total cover by ground truth and remote sensing techniques were similar (2.45% difference) on South Padre Island. Thus, airborne multispectral digital videography is an effective technique for assessing changes in total vegetative cover of Texas barrier islands. This technique will be an effective tool for documenting changes in total cover on barrier islands due to natural perturbations such as hurricanes and human disturbances including vehicular traffic. Imagery obtained at altitudes of 200 m or greater did not permit discrimination of dominant species in each of an island\u27s topographic zones. However, acquisition of imagery at a time of the year when dominant species are in specific phenological stages, such as flowering, and at a lower altitude may facilitate their recognition. Comparison of data from a single trans-island transect in 1997 with data from three trans-island transects and 18 transects across the foreshore, backshore, and primary dunes in 1977 suggests that there has been a marked decrease in species richness of the backshore and primary dune zones of South Padre Island. There also was a change in dominant species in the backshore zone. These changes in species richness and dominance may be largely attributable to vehicular traffic in these zones. - Un análisis comparativo de la vegetación de un transecto transinsular de la isla South Padre en el estado de Texas fue realizado en 1997 usando videografía aérea multiesprectral digital y técnicas de validación de intercepción linear terrestre para evaluar la utilidad de la videografía en la estimación de la cobertura vegetal e identificación de especies. Los datos de estudios de validación terrestre fueron utilizados para evaluar el cambio vegetativo que ocurrió durante 20 años después del informe de Judd et al (1977) sobre la vegetación de la isla South Padre. Las estimaciones de la cobertura total mediante técnicas de validación terrestres y de medición remota fueron similares (2.45% de diferencia) en la isla South Padre. Por lo tanto, la videografía multiesprectral digital aérea se considera una técnica eficaz para evaluar cambios en la cobertura vegetal de las islas barrera de Texas. Esta técnica será una herramienta efectiva para documentar los cambios de cobertura total en las islas barrera debido a las perturbaciones naturales tales como huracanes y disturbios humanos como tráfico vehicular. Las imágenes obtenidas en altitudes de 200 metros o mayores no permitieron la discriminación de las especies dominantes de las varias zonas topográficas de una isla. Sin embargo, la adquisición de imágenes de una época del año en que las especies dominantes están en etapas fenológicas específicas, tales como la floración, y desde una altitud menor, puede facilitar su reconocimiento. Al comparar datos de un transecto transinsular de 1977 con los de tres transectos transinsulares y de 18 transectos correspondientes a la parte frontal, trasera, y de las dunas primarias de la isla en 1977, se sugiere que ha habido una marcada disminución en la riqueza de especies en la parte trasera y en la zona de dunas primarias de la isla South Padre. También hubo un cambio de especies dominantes en la zona trasera. Estos cambios en la riqueza y dominancia de especies pueden ser atribuidos en gran parte al tráfico vehicular en estas zonas

Components of Antineutrino Emission in Nuclear Reactor

New ${\bar{\nu}_e},e$ scattering experiments aimed for sensitive searches of the ${\nu}_e$ magnetic moment and projects to explore small mixing angle oscillations at reactors call for a better understanding of the reactor antineutrino spectrum. Here we consider six components, which contribute to the total ${\bar{\nu}_e}$ spectrum generated in nuclear reactor. They are: beta decay of the fission fragments of $^{235}$U, $^{239}$Pu, $^{238}$U and $^{241}$Pu, decay of beta-emitters produced as a result of neutron capture in $^{238}$U and also due to neutron capture in accumulated fission fragments which perturbs the spectrum. For antineutrino energies less than 3.5 MeV we tabulate evolution of ${\bar{\nu}_e}$ spectra corresponding to each of the four fissile isotopes vs fuel irradiation time and their decay after the irradiation is stopped and also estimate relevant uncertainties. Small corrections to the ILL spectra are considered.Comment: LaTex 8 pages, 2 ps figure

Army Decade in Space

In the twelve short years since the announcement of the SMDC-ONE satellite initiative by Lieutenant General Kevin Campbell, then Commanding General of U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC), SMDC has put in place an active program of satellite technology development and a Low Earth Orbit Investment Strategy that holds great promise for providing low-cost, responsive data from space as the next major evolution in technology to enable Multi-Domain Operations for the Army of 2028 and beyond. The first fruits of that initiative were seen ten years ago with launch and successful mission of the first SMDC-ONE satellite. This small satellite strategy has gained traction with Army and DoD leadership who embrace the small satellite paradigm. This paper discusses Army progress and lessons learned in the past ten years of small satellite efforts, discusses relationships with other organizations and looks forward to potential capabilities enabled by technology advancements and innovative partnerships

Gravitational field around a screwed superconducting cosmic string in scalar-tensor theories

We obtain the solution that corresponds to a screwed superconducting cosmic string (SSCS) in the framework of a general scalar-tensor theory including torsion. We investigate the metric of the SSCS in Brans-Dicke theory with torsion and analyze the case without torsion. We show that in the case with torsion the space-time background presents other properties different from that in which torsion is absent. When the spin vanish, this torsion is a $\phi$-gradient and then it propagates outside of the string. We investigate the effect of torsion on the gravitational force and on the geodesics of a test-particle moving around the SSCS. The accretion of matter by wakes formation when a SSCS moves with speed $v$ is investigated. We compare our results with those obtained for cosmic strings in the framework of scalar-tensor theory.Comment: 22 pages, LaTeX, presented at the "XXII - Encontro Nacional de Fisica de Particulas e Campos", Sao Lourenco, MG, Brazi