TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP TANGGUNGJAWAB PIDANA PERBARENGAN MENURUT HUKUM POSITIF INDONESIA

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan macam-macam perbarengan (samenloop, concursus) tindak pidana dalam KUHP dan bagaimana sistem tanggung jawab pidana dalam perbarengan tindak pidana menurut KUHP. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normative, disimpulkan: 1. Pengaturan macam-macam perbarengan (samenloop, concursus) tindak pidana dalam KUHP, yaitu mencakup: a. perbarengan peraturan, b. perbuatan berlanjut, dan c. perbarengan perbuatan; di mana perbarengan perbuatan ini dapat lebih dirinci lagi atas: 1) perbarengan perbuatan yang semuanya merupakan kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana pokok yang sejenis (Pasal 65); 2) perbarengan perbuatan yang semuanya merupakan kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana pokok yang tidak sejenis (Pasal  66 KUHP); 3) perbarengan perbuatan yang merupakan perbarengan pelanggaran dengan kejahatan (Pasal 70 ayat (1) KUHP); 4) perbarengan perbuatan yang merupakan perbarengan pelanggaran dengan pelanggaran (Pasal 70 ayat (1) KUHP). 2. Sistem tanggung jawab pidana dalam perbarengan tindak pidana menurut KUHP, mencakup 4 (empat macam) sistem, yaitu: a. sistem absorpsi murni untuk perbarengan perbuatan dan perbuatan berlanjut; b. sistem absorpsi yang dipertajam untuk perbarengan perbuatan atas kejahatan-kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana pokok yang sejenis; c. sistem kumulasi terbatas untuk perbarengan perbuatan atas kejahatan-kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana pokok yang tidak sejenis; d. sistem kumulasi murni untuk perbarengan pelanggaran dengan pelanggaran. Tetapi, keberadaan ketentuan-ketentuan tentang perbarengan tindak pidana dalam KUHP, bukannya memberatkan pidana, melainkan cenderung lebih merupakan dasar untuk meringankan pidana dari pelaku yang melakukan beberapa tindak pidana. Kata kunci: Tinjauan Yuridis, Tanggungjawab Pidana, Perbarengan

A Global Classification of Astronomical Tide Asymmetry and Periodicity Using Statistical and Cluster Analysis

ABSTRACT: Tidal asymmetry plays a key role in the behavior of estuaries. Positive and negative asymmetries are associated with flood- and ebb-dominated estuaries, respectively. Asymmetry arises from both the interaction among the main tidal constituents and the harmonics generated when tide propagates in shallow waters. Most previous research focuses on the deformation of the tide within estuaries; however, ocean tide may show asymmetry at the estuary entrance, which implies that the boundary condition is already deformed. This fact has important implications for tide propagation, estuarine transport processes, and flow exchanges between estuaries and open oceans. In this study, the global astronomical tide is classified according to its asymmetry and periodicity. The objective is to provide a guiding framework of representative astronomical tide types (ATtypes) on a worldwide scale to be used as a reference for further research on the transport of substances in estuaries. The applied methodology is based on the use of the TPXO9-atlas global barotropic tidal solution and detailed statistical analysis. Probability density functions of the tidal elevation time derivative and the tidal form factor were extracted from TPXO9-atlas with a spatial resolution ranging from 1/6° to 1/30°. The K-means algorithm was applied to these parameters, and 25 representative ATtypes were identified. The classification was validated with 757 worldwide tide gauge records. The results show that 11.3% of coastal areas show negative asymmetries, 11.3% positive asymmetries, while symmetric tides dominate 77.4% of coastal areas. In these areas, estuaries can show asymmetries exclusively dependent on overtides and compound tides generated during inland propagation without being externally conditione

Magnetic Properties of TbNi1 xAuxIn Compounds

Polycrystalline samples of $TbNi_{1-x}Au_{x}In$ for x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 were prepared and studied by powder X-ray and neutron diffraction and ac magnetic susceptibility measurements. These compounds crystallize in the hexagonal ZrNiAl-type structure. With increasing Au content a change in the magnetic structure is observed. For x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 the magnetic order is described by the propagation vector k = (1/2, 0, 1/2) while for x = 0.8 by k = (0, 0, 1/2). Between 1.5 K and the Néel temperature the magnetic order is stable

Magnetic systems at criticality: different signatures of scaling

Different aspects of critical behaviour of magnetic materials are presented and discussed. The scaling ideas are shown to arise in the context of purely magnetic properties as well as in that of thermal properties as demonstrated by magnetocaloric effect or combined scaling of excess entropy and order parameter. Two non-standard approaches to scaling phenomena are described. The presented concepts are exemplified by experimental data gathered on four representatives of molecular magnets.Comment: 33 pages, 16 figure

The spectral manifistation of the new luminescent styryl dyes photostability and phototoxic influence on the DNA

У роботі запропоновано методи спектральних досліджень фотостабільності та фото- токсичного впливу люмінесціюючих зондів-барвників на ДНК. Досліджено спектри оптичного поглинання, флюоресценції та фосфоресценції нових стирилових барвників та систем ДНК+барвник. Спектри оптичного поглинання досліджуваних сполук реєструвалися під час опромінювання зразків цих речовин видимим світлом. У роботі аналізуються результати цих експериментів, проведені на низці барвників. Зафіксовано зміни оптичної густини D розчинів систем ДНК+барвник на ділянці спектра 250+300 нм (що відповідає першому електронному переходу в ДНК) та 370+650 нм (що відповідає першому електронному переходу в молекулах барвників). Динаміка D(t) не є монотонною. Показано, що бавники Mn-Styr ma Di-Styr-30 є фотохімічно безпечними для ДНК; ці барвники є більш фотостабільними у зв 'язаному з ДНК стані, ніж: у вільному. Барвники Di-Styr-24 ma Dst-MdO, на відміну від попередніх, проявляють невеликий фототоксичний вплив на ДНК. Пропонуються версії щодо можливих механізмів фотогтокичності (та фотостабільності).The spectral investigation methods of the phenomena of luminescent dye probes photostability and phototoxic influence on the DNA were proposed. The optical absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra of the samples of the newest investigated styryl dyes and the systems DNA +dye were studied. The optical absorption spectra of the samples of these compounds were measured under the irradiation of these samples by visible light. The results of the investigations carried out on a number of dyes were analyzed and discussed. The changes of optical density D value in wavelength regions 250+300 nm (that corresponds to the DNA first electronic transition) and 370+650 nm (that corresponds to a dye electronic transition) of the DNA+dye solutions were fixed. The dynamics ofD(t) was not monotonous. It was shown the Mn-Styr and Di-Styr-30 dyes are photochemically safe for the DNA; these dyes bound to the DNA are more photostable than in free state. The Di-Styr-24 and Dst-MdO dyes show slight phototoxic effect on the DNA. The versions of possible phototoxicity (and photostability) mechanisms are proposed

On the two first excited K=0 bands in U-238 and Pu-240

EO-enhanced spectra of conversion electrons taken after (alpha,alpha) and (alpha,2n) reactions and after projectile Coulomb excitation improve our knowledge about first and second excited bands in U-238 and Pu-240 built on O-2(+) and O-3(+) states which lie anomalously close together. The two bands are of different structure.</p

Child Health Care in Ireland

The Irish health care system is based on a complex and costly mix of private, statutory, and voluntary provisions. The majority of health care expenditure comes from the state, with a significant proportion of acute hospital care funded from private insurance, but there are relatively high out-of-pocket costs for most service users. There is free access to acute hospital care, but not for primary care, for all children. About 40% of the population have free access to primary care. Universal preventive public health services, including vaccination and immunization, newborn blood spot screening, and universal neonatal hearing screening are free. Major health challenges include poverty, obesity, drug and alcohol use, and mental health. The health care system has been dominated for the last 5 years by the impact of the current recession, which has led to very sharp cuts in health care expenditure. It is unclear if the necessary substantial reform of the system will happen. Government policy calls for a move toward a patient-centered, primary care-led system, but without very substantial transfers of resources and investment in Information and Communication Technology, this is unlikely to occur

Multipolarity of quasicontinuum γ-rays from collective high-spin states in 152Dy

Measured internal conversion coefficients for quasicontinuum transitions in 152Dy in the spin range of 30–50 establish their predominantly stretched E2 character. Those transitions are attributed to triaxial bands near the yrast line as calculated in terms of the cranking approximation using the Woods-Saxon potential