Emigration From Russia: New Trends and Forms

The subject-matter of this article is migration from Russia. The study deals with current aspects and new forms of emigration. The goal of this paper is to identify new patterns determining the emigration from Russia. The article views the emigration in a broad sense, including, in addition to classic emigration (i.e. leaving the home country for permanent residence in another country), various categories of return migration (labor migration, shuttle traders, seasonal migration, episodic migration, economic tourism, business migration, education abroad, etc.). With the emergence of these new forms and categories, there is a need to clarify the migration concepts. This analysis is built on a broad historical perspective on emigration, which has been a typical phenomenon for Russia over the last three centuries. The article is based on such economic theories, as the human capital theory, new economic theory of migration, Todaro’s economic theory of migration and other. In this article, a variety of methods are used, including historical analogy, statistical and mathematical approaches, sociological and econometric models. The article analyzes the patterns of modern emigration from Russia. It also considers certain aspects in the legal regulation of migration processes, with a focus on emigrants, including potential emigrants. In conclusion, the article notes the need for the state control of emigration processes. This means not so much the improvement of statistical records for this group of migrants, but rather speci c government measures aimed at providing the state support to these categories of migrants in order to prevent the non-return migration. In other words, it is not aimed at banning the emigration (a measure, the adverse effects of which were noted as long ago as by Mikhail Lomonosov). The ndings of this research can be used in improving the migration policy implemented, in particular, by the Federal Migration Service of Russia.This study has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research as part of research project No. RFFI 16–06–00048а "Social paradigm of regional development: selection of priorities and economic transformation"

Mapping the boundaries of soil horizons using ground-penetrating radar

The article considers the role of GPR in solving problems of soil science, as well as the accuracy of tracking soil horizons using the example of field data. The study of the current state of the issue has shown that there is significant variability in the electrophysical properties of different types of soil. In this case, the dielectric constant of the soil horizons can both increase and decrease with depth. This fact determines the need for parameterization of the soil profile in GPR studies to prevent errors. Based on a generalizing analysis of practical examples, it has been established that the error in determining individual soil horizons by a GPR is on average 2–10 cm, depending on the frequency of the GPR antenna and the structural features of the soil. Experimental and methodological work to substantiate the main conclusions was carried out to trace the soil horizons by the GPR method using the example of typical entic podzol located on the Zaonezhsky Peninsula (Republic of Karelia), the structure and composition of which were described in detail earlier. The survey was carried out by a georadar OKO-2 (Logis-Geotech, Russia) with an antenna unit with a central frequency of 400 MHz. Fieldwork on the study site was carried out along separate transects, according to the reference soil profile. A detailed analysis of the radargrams provided, first of all, tracking the base of the BC horizon. The results obtained showed that the thickness of the soil within the profile varies from 23 to 32 cm, and the average observation error was ± 3 cm. Besides, the influence on the recording of shungite shale fragments and the differentiation of moisture content in the soil horizons was revealed. The presence of shungite shale leads to the formation of diffracted waves and an increase in the amplitudes of the reflected signal, while an increase in humidity is characterized by a decrease in the velocities of the electromagnetic wave

INTEGRATION PROCESSES AND THEIR EFFECT ON IMMIGRATION POLICY

The article deals with theoretical aspects of correlation between integration and immigration processes. After the research of current theoretical background related to the international economic integration the authors believe that the so-called triad «integration processes - waves of innovation - migration processes» should be examined individually. That is to say, the dynamics of an inheriting wave of innovation is consistent with the mobility of correlation between scarcity and redundancy of labour supply. This implies expediency of the regulatory action on these processes, including the implementation of the selective immigration policy and reasonable emigration policy, which may be either confirmed or rejected in an econometric framework, making it possible to trace the correlation of the immigration processes and performance of GDP in individual countries, members of integration associations

Conservação de água durante o uso de dispositivos de irrigação de múltiplos suportes nas condições da região de Moscou

The paper focuses on problem of water quality around irrigated soils. It was discovered that flushing of the fertile layer occurs on terrains near protected watersheds because of destroying irrigation procedures. The modernization of irrigation machines has been suggested as a solution for above-mentioned problem. The technological features of circle irrigation machines (IM) in the conditions of complicated soil relief are defined by their supportings including: tow-grip crossing capacity and slipping of carts on the slope. The operating results have been given according to evaluation of IM work in difficult conditions with the picture of their changes in the diagram dependences. The above-mentioned devices are improved to create environmentally friendly and energy-saving solutions in order to enhance the reliability of IM while watering sloping lands In the area of softening of complex soils that refers to the safety and quality of maintenance while the reduction in the amount of water and energy consumption as well as the cost of irrigation system structure, the scientific concepts are searching for tools to providing highly efficient IM work. The main goal of the work is using the obtained results of research in a practical way as to create and modify IM in order to exercise the irrigation tools conveniently and also generally determine the efficiency of machinery while reducing energy and water consumption as well as providing soil cooling technologies using water from irrigation.El documento se centra en el problema de la calidad del agua alrededor de los suelos irrigados. Se descubrió que el enrojecimiento de la capa fértil se produce en terrenos cercanos a cuencas protegidas debido a la destrucción de los procedimientos de riego. La modernización de las máquinas de riego ha sido sugerida como una solución para el problema mencionado anteriormente. Las características tecnológicas de las máquinas de riego en círculo (IM) en las condiciones de alivio de suelo complicado se definen por sus apoyos, que incluyen: capacidad de cruce con agarre de remolque y deslizamiento de carros en la pendiente. Los resultados operativos se han dado de acuerdo con la evaluación del trabajo de IM en condiciones difíciles con la imagen de sus cambios en las dependencias del diagrama. Los dispositivos mencionados anteriormente se han mejorado para crear soluciones respetuosas con el medio ambiente y que ahorran energía para mejorar la confiabilidad de IM mientras se riegan las tierras con pendiente En el área de ablandamiento de suelos complejos que se refiere a la seguridad y la calidad del mantenimiento, mientras que la reducción de la cantidad de consumo de agua y energía, así como el costo de la estructura del sistema de riego, los conceptos científicos están buscando herramientas para proporcionar un trabajo de IM altamente eficiente. El objetivo principal del trabajo es utilizar los resultados obtenidos de la investigación de manera práctica para crear y modificar la IM con el fin de ejercer las herramientas de riego de manera conveniente y también, en general, determinar la eficiencia de la maquinaria al tiempo que reduce el consumo de energía y agua, así como también proporciona suelo Tecnologías de enfriamiento utilizando agua de riego.O artigo enfoca o problema da qualidade da água em torno dos solos irrigados. Descobriu-se que a descarga da camada fértil ocorre em terrenos próximos a bacias protegidas por causa da destruição de procedimentos de irrigação. A modernização de máquinas de irrigação tem sido sugerida como uma solução para o problema acima mencionado. As características tecnológicas das máquinas de irrigação circular (IM) nas condições de relevo complicado do solo são definidas pelos seus apoios, incluindo: capacidade de passagem do cabo de reboque e escorregamento dos carros na encosta. Os resultados operacionais foram fornecidos de acordo com a avaliação do trabalho de IM em condições difíceis, com o quadro de suas mudanças nas dependências do diagrama. Os dispositivos mencionados acima são aprimorados para criar soluções ecologicamente corretas e de baixo consumo de energia, a fim de aumentar a confiabilidade do IM durante a irrigação de terras em declive na área de amolecimento de solos complexos que se referem à segurança e qualidade da manutenção enquanto a redução do quantidade de água e consumo de energia, bem como o custo da estrutura do sistema de irrigação, os conceitos científicos estão à procura de ferramentas para fornecer trabalho altamente eficiente IM. O principal objetivo do trabalho é usar os resultados obtidos da pesquisa de forma prática para criar e modificar IM, a fim de exercitar as ferramentas de irrigação convenientemente e também determinar a eficiência do maquinário, reduzindo o consumo de energia e água, bem como fornecendo o solo. tecnologias de refrigeração usando água da irrigação

INTEGRATION PROCESSES AND THEIR EFFECT ON IMMIGRATION POLICY

The article deals with theoretical aspects of correlation between integration and immigration processes. After the research of current theoretical background related to the international economic integration the authors believe that the so-called triad «integration processes - waves of innovation - migration processes» should be examined individually. That is to say, the dynamics of an inheriting wave of innovation is consistent with the mobility of correlation between scarcity and redundancy of labour supply. This implies expediency of the regulatory action on these processes, including the implementation of the selective immigration policy and reasonable emigration policy, which may be either confirmed or rejected in an econometric framework, making it possible to trace the correlation of the immigration processes and performance of GDP in individual countries, members of integration associations

Spectroscopic characterization of the complex of vinyl radical and carbon dioxide : Matrix isolation and ab initio study

We report on the preparation and vibrational characterization of the C2H3 center dot center dot center dot CO2 complex, the first example of a stable intermolecular complex involving vinyl radicals. This complex was prepared in Ar and Kr matrices using UV photolysis of propiolic acid (HC3OOH) and subsequent thermal mobilization of H atoms. This preparation procedure provides vinyl radicals formed exclusively as a complex with CO2, without the presence of either CO2 or C2H3 monomers. The absorption bands corresponding to the nu(5)(C2H3), nu(7)(C2H3), nu(8)(C2H3), nu(2)(CO2), and nu(3)(CO2) modes of the C2H3 center dot center dot center dot CO2 complex were detected experimentally. The calculations at the UCCSD(T)/L2a level of theory predict two structures of the C2H3 center dot center dot center dot CO2 complex with C-s and C-1 symmetries and interaction energies of -1.92 and -5.19 kJ mol(-1). The harmonic vibrational frequencies of these structures were calculated at the same level of theory. The structural assignment of the experimental species is not straightforward because of rather small complexation-induced shifts and matrix-site splitting of the bands (for both complex and monomers). We conclude that the C-1 structure is the most probable candidate for the experimental C2H3 center dot center dot center dot O-2 complex based on the significant splitting of the bending vibration of CO2 and on the energetic and structural considerations. Published by AIP Publishing.Peer reviewe

On the iterative method for solution of direct and inverse problems for parabolic equations

The paper is devoted to approximate methods for solution of direct and inverse problems for parabolic equations. An approximate method for the solution of the initial problem for multidimensional nonlinear parabolic equation is proposed. The method is based on the reduction of the  initial problem to a nonlinear multidimensional intergral Fredholm equation of the second kind which is approximated by a system of nonlinear algebraic equations with the help of the method of mechanical quadratures. For constructing the computational scheme we use the nodes of the local splines which realize order-optimal approximation of the functional class that contains solutions of parabolic equations. For implementation of the computational scheme we use the generalization of the continuous method for solution of nonlinear operator equations that is described in the paper. We also analyse the inverse problem for parabolic equation with fractional order derivative with respect to the time variable. The approximate methods for defining the fractional order of the time derivative and the coeffcient at spatial derivative are proposed

Chemistry for Sustainable Development 15 (2007) 705-710 Nitrophenol Oxidation in Water with the Use of Hydrodynamic Cavitation

Abstract The role of the hydrodynamic cavitation for initiating and supporting chain-radical reactions of oxidation of organic substrates, among them 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), with Fenton's reagent (H 2 O 2 + Fe 2+ ) has been shown. Fe 2+ ions were supplied into solution by dissolving split steel shot or steel chips in cavitation reaction vessel. At initial concentrations of 4-NP and H 2 O 2 of 6.7 × 10 -5 and 4.02 × 10 -4 mol/L, respectively, the degree of phenol conversion at pH 3.4 reaches 98 %. The diagram of the set-up designed to treat sewage with productivity 0.5 m 3 /h and the description of the equipment for cavitation generation are presented