Filling a blank on the map: 60 years of fisheries in Equatorial Guinea

Despite a scarcity of pertinent information, it has been possible to reconstruct time series of marine fisheries catches for Equatorial Guinea from 1950 to 2010 using per capita fish consumption and population numbers for small-scale fisheries, catch rates and number of vessels for industrial fisheries and discard rates to estimate the discarded bycatch. Small-scale fisheries, industrial large-scale fisheries, domestic and legal and illegal foreign fisheries and their discards are all included. Total catches were estimated at 2.7 million tonnes over the time period considered, of which 653 000 t were caught domestically compared to 187 000 t reported by FAO. This shows that fisheries have more importance for Equatorial Guinea's food security than the official data suggest. In contrast to what is suggested by official figures, fisheries were shown to be strongly impacted by civil and political unrest; notably, they declined overall because of civil and political conflicts, socio-demographic dynamics, and a growing role of the newly discovered oil resources, which directly and indirectly threaten the food security of the people of Equatorial Guinea

Bulgarian sport policy 1945-1989: A strategic relation perspective

The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games have stimulated discussions about the success of different sport systems and the Chinese model in particular. Revisiting explanations of sport in the former communist countries of Eastern Europe during the Cold War seems timely, as the current Chinese model of sport was largely designed after the Soviet example established in this period. This paper examines Bulgarian sport policy between 1945 and 1989. It employs a Strategic Relation approach (Jessop, 1990) to analyse sport policy making as a strategic relation closely linked to the dominant state project of building a new stateness. It goes beyond ideological interpretations and argues that the state represents a strategic terrain where these relations have to be established in struggles, the outcomes of which are always uncertain. Furthermore, past and present struggles and their outcomes create various socio-political environments that presuppose the forms of state selectivity and intervention in sport. The process of constructing sport policy was influenced by two main categories of strategic relations: intra-state, including political, organisational and personal relations between the Party, state apparatus and various sport and non-sport organisations and their managers, and transnational, concerning ideological, political, economic and organisational relations with both communist and western countries and international sport organisations

Livestock trade networks for guiding animal health surveillance

BACKGROUND: Trade in live animals can contribute to the introduction of exotic diseases, the maintenance and spread endemic diseases. Annually millions of animals are moved across Europe for the purposes of breeding, fattening and slaughter. Data on the number of animals moved were obtained from the Directorate General Sanco (DG Sanco) for 2011. These were converted to livestock units to enable direct comparison across species and their movements were mapped, used to calculate the indegrees and outdegrees of 27 European countries and the density and transitivity of movements within Europe. This provided the opportunity to discuss surveillance of European livestock movement taking into account stopping points en-route. RESULTS: High density and transitivity of movement for registered equines, breeding and fattening cattle, breeding poultry and pigs for breeding, fattening and slaughter indicates that hazards have the potential to spread quickly within these populations. This is of concern to highly connected countries particularly those where imported animals constitute a large proportion of their national livestock populations, and have a high indegree. The transport of poultry (older than 72 hours) and unweaned animals would require more rest breaks than the movement of weaned animals, which may provide more opportunities for disease transmission. Transitivity is greatest for animals transported for breeding purposes with cattle, pigs and poultry having values of over 50%. CONCLUSIONS: This paper demonstrated that some species (pigs and poultry) are traded much more frequently and at a larger scale than species such as goats. Some countries are more vulnerable than others due to importing animals from many countries, having imported animals requiring rest-breaks and importing large proportions of their national herd or flock. Such knowledge about the vulnerability of different livestock systems related to trade movements can be used to inform the design of animal health surveillance systems to facilitate the trade in animals between European member states. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

'Lad culture' in higher education: agency in the sexualisation debates

This paper reports on research funded by the National Union of Students, which explored women students’ experiences of ‘lad culture’ through focus groups and interviews. We found that although laddism is only one of various potential masculinities, for our participants it dominated social and sexual spheres of university life in problematic ways. However, their objections to laddish behaviours did not support contemporary models of ‘sexual panic’, even while oppugning the more simplistic celebrations of young women’s empowerment which have been observed in debates about sexualisation. We argue that in their ability to reject ‘lad culture’, our respondents expressed a form of agency which is often invisibilised in sexualisation discussions and which could be harnessed to tackle some of the issues we uncovered

Brexit, trade agreements, and CAP reform

Although a number of reforms have significantly changed the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) over the past two decades, a defining characteristic of the policy is its prohibitively high import tariffs on a number of key commodities as tariff cuts have not formed part of CAP reform. These high tariffs, whilst protecting EU producers, complicate the EU’s attempts to negotiate Free Trade Area (FTA) agreements around the world, and will likewise be problematic for agri-food trade with a post-Brexit UK, particularly over the politically sensitive border between EU27 and the UK on the island of Ireland. An open border could be more easily secured if the UK’s tariff barriers on CAP products matched those of EU27. This, however, implies either that the UK will have to abandon its plans to pursue ‘free-trade’ policies with other countries around the world, or that EU27 needs to complete its reform of the CAP by unilaterally reducing its tariff barriers. It seems highly unlikely that the challenges posed by Brexit would prompt the EU to unilaterally reduce its excessively high CAP tariffs

Bill Russell Memorial Correspondence 1970

Documents include a letter to Bill Russell from Robert Sunderland, V.P. of Student Affairs and Harold Logwood, Chairman of the Black Student Union notifying him USF\u27s plan to create the Bill Russell Room in honor of the alum athlete. Page 3 is a letter from Harold Logwood to Father Jonsen requesting the administration to issue Bill Russell an honorary degree from USF during the unveiling of the Bill Russell Room. Pages 4-7 are BSU notes, plans and a schedule to raise money for the creation of the Bill Russell Room

An Alternative Procedure to Quantify Soot in Engine Oil by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy

"This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Tribology Transactions on 02-11-2019, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402004.2019.1645255."[EN] Due to new pollutant emissions standards, internal combustion engines need several emission control strategies (and related procedures) such as exhaust gas recirculation, diesel/gasoline particulate filters, and selective catalyst reduction that allow them to comply with complete requirements defined on those standards. These strategies result in faster degradation of engine oil, one of the most relevant consequences of which is an increase in soot contamination level. All of these strategies facilitate soot generation. Consequently, soot is one of the most important contaminants present in engine oil. The main technique to measure the content of soot in oil is thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), but this technique has certain limitations. TGA requires a long and specific procedure and has limitations in measuring small concentrations of soot in oil. Therefore, the design of an alternative technique to quantify soot in oil is relevant. One alternative is Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, but it also has limitations related to low concentrations of soot in oil. This work presents an alternative technique based on ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy that allows quantification of small soot contents in used engine oil samples and avoids potential interference from other typical contaminants or those related to measurement processes, such as sample cuvette material.Antonio Garcia-Barbera was supported through the Programa Nacional de Formacion de Recursos Humanos de Investigacion of Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Grant Number BES-2016-078073).Macian Martinez, V.; Tormos, B.; Ruiz-Rosales, S.; García-Barberá, A. (2019). An Alternative Procedure to Quantify Soot in Engine Oil by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy. Tribology Transactions. 62(6):1063-1071. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2019.1645255S10631071626Squaiella, L. L. F., Martins, C. A., & Lacava, P. T. (2013). Strategies for emission control in diesel engine to meet Euro VI. Fuel, 104, 183-193. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.027Piock, W., Hoffmann, G., Berndorfer, A., Salemi, P., & Fusshoeller, B. (2011). Strategies Towards Meeting Future Particulate Matter Emission Requirements in Homogeneous Gasoline Direct Injection Engines. SAE International Journal of Engines, 4(1), 1455-1468. doi:10.4271/2011-01-1212Johnson, B. T. (2008). Diesel Engine Emissions and Their Control. Platinum Metals Review, 52(1), 23-37. doi:10.1595/147106708x248750Johnson, T. V. (2008). Diesel Emission Control in Review. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 1(1), 68-81. doi:10.4271/2008-01-0069Mohan, B., Yang, W., & Chou, S. kiang. (2013). Fuel injection strategies for performance improvement and emissions reduction in compression ignition engines—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 664-676. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.051ALKEMADE, U., & SCHUMANN, B. (2006). Engines and exhaust after treatment systems for future automotive applications. Solid State Ionics, 177(26-32), 2291-2296. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2006.05.051Bensaid, S., Caroca, C. J., Russo, N., & Fino, D. (2011). Detailed investigation of non-catalytic DPF regeneration. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 89(2), 401-407. doi:10.1002/cjce.20408E, J., Xie, L., Zuo, Q., & Zhang, G. (2016). Effect analysis on regeneration speed of continuous regeneration-diesel particulate filter based on NO 2 -assisted regeneration. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 7(1), 9-17. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2015.06.012Tripathi, A., & Vinu, R. (2015). Characterization of Thermal Stability of Synthetic and Semi-Synthetic Engine Oils. Lubricants, 3(1), 54-79. doi:10.3390/lubricants3010054Karacan, Ö., Kök, M. V., & Karaaslan, U. (1999). Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 55(1), 109-114. doi:10.1023/a:1010136222719Heredia-Cancino, J. A., Ramezani, M., & Álvarez-Ramos, M. E. (2018). Effect of degradation on tribological performance of engine lubricants at elevated temperatures. Tribology International, 124, 230-237. doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2018.04.015Wattrus, M. (2013). Fuel Property Effects on Oil Dilution in Diesel Engines. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 6(3), 794-806. doi:10.4271/2013-01-2680Sharma, V., Uy, D., Gangopadhyay, A., O’Neill, A., Paxton, W. A., Sammut, A., … Aswath, P. B. (2016). Structure and chemistry of crankcase and exhaust soot extracted from diesel engines. Carbon, 103, 327-338. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2016.03.024Pfau, S. A., La Rocca, A., Haffner-Staton, E., Rance, G. A., Fay, M. W., Brough, R. J., & Malizia, S. (2018). Comparative nanostructure analysis of gasoline turbocharged direct injection and diesel soot-in-oil with carbon black. Carbon, 139, 342-352. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2018.06.050George, S., Balla, S., Gautam, V., & Gautam, M. (2007). Effect of diesel soot on lubricant oil viscosity. Tribology International, 40(5), 809-818. doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2006.08.002Antusch, S., Dienwiebel, M., Nold, E., Albers, P., Spicher, U., & Scherge, M. (2010). On the tribochemical action of engine soot. Wear, 269(1-2), 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2010.02.028Green, D. A., & Lewis, R. (2008). The effects of soot-contaminated engine oil on wear and friction: A review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 222(9), 1669-1689. doi:10.1243/09544070jauto468Bredin, A., Larcher, A. V., & Mullins, B. J. (2011). Thermogravimetric analysis of carbon black and engine soot—Towards a more robust oil analysis method. Tribology International, 44(12), 1642-1650. doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2011.06.002VAN DE VOORT, F. R., SEDMAN, J., COCCIARDI, R. A., & PINCHUK, D. (2006). FTIR Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants: Ongoing Developments and Future Perspectives. Tribology Transactions, 49(3), 410-418. doi:10.1080/10402000600781432Van de Voort, F. R., Ghetler, A., García-González, D. L., & Li, Y. D. (2008). Perspectives on Quantitative Mid-FTIR Spectroscopy in Relation to Edible Oil and Lubricant Analysis: Evolution and Integration of Analytical Methodologies. Food Analytical Methods, 1(3), 153-163. doi:10.1007/s12161-008-9031-6Ess, M. N., Ferry, D., Kireeva, E. D., Niessner, R., Ouf, F.-X., & Ivleva, N. P. (2016). In situ Raman microspectroscopic analysis of soot samples with different organic carbon content: Structural changes during heating. Carbon, 105, 572-585. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.056Russo, C., Apicella, B., Lighty, J. S., Ciajolo, A., & Tregrossi, A. (2017). Optical properties of organic carbon and soot produced in an inverse diffusion flame. Carbon, 124, 372-379. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.08.07

Dangerous work: The gendered nature of bullying in the context of higher education

This paper discusses results from a research project which set out to investigate gender differences in the nature and experience of bullying within the higher education sector. Gender differences emerged in the form and perception of bullying as well as in target response. Results also indicate that, irrespective of gender, bullies can capture and subvert organizational structures and procedures (official hierarchies, mentoring systems, probationary reviews) to further their abuse of the target and to conceal aggressive intent. These outcomes are discussed in relation to gendered assumptions behind management practices and in relation to the masculinist ethic that underpins many higher education management initiatives. Overall, results indicate that bullying cannot be divorced from gender and that such behaviour needs to be seen in a gendered context

Reclaiming the local in EU peacebuilding: Effectiveness, ownership, and resistance

Since the early 2000s, the "local turn" has thoroughly transformed the field of peacebuilding. The European Union (EU) policy discourse on peacebuilding has also aligned with this trend, with an increasing number of EU policy statements insisting on the importance of "the local." However, most studies on EU peacebuilding still adopt a top-down approach and focus on institutions, capabilities, and decision-making at the EU level. This special issue contributes to the literature by focusing on bottom-up and local dynamics of EU peacebuilding. After outlining the rationale and the scope of the special issue, this article discusses the local turn in international peacebuilding and identifies several interrelated concepts relevant to theorizing the role of the local, specifically those of effectiveness, ownership, and resistance. In the conclusion, we summarize the key contributions of this special issue and suggest some avenues for further research

Data protection in relation to transborder information sharing for network security and criminal justice purposes

Between November 2012 and September 2013, Joseph A. Cannataci responded to a brief commissioned by the Directorate General of Human Rights and Rule of Law of the Council of Europe. The initial work carried out to end December 2012 was subsequently revised and up-dated over the period Jan-Sep 2013 to reflect the impact of the developments over the European Commission’s Data Protection Reform Package (DPRP) and increasingly that of the revelations of the US whistle-blower Edward Snowden. The concept paper finds that the urgency for and the onus upon the CoE to take immediate action to produce a new binding instrument is compounded by the Snowden revelations and the possible chronic inadequacy of EU responses in the sphere of national security on account of exclusions of competence by Art 4 Section 2 of the EU Treaty.peer-reviewe