Opettajaksi opiskelevien näkemyksiä inkluusiosta

Tiivistelmä. Inkluusio on ollut kasvatustieteellisen keskustelun keskiössä jo pitkän aikaa. Inkluusion tavoitteena on kaikille yhteisen koulun luominen, jossa kaikki ovat osallisia ja jokaisen yksilölliset ominaisuudet huomioidaan. Inkluusion käsite on moniulotteinen, eikä yhtä hyväksyttyä määritelmää sille ole kehitetty. Opettajien rooli inklusiivisten käytänteiden toimeenpanossa kouluissa on merkittävä, joten opettajankoulutuksen tulee valmistaa tulevat opettajat inkluusioon niin tietojen ja taitojen, kuin myös asenteiden ja uskomusten osalta. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisia näkemyksiä opettajaksi opiskelevilla on inkluusiosta. Lisäksi tavoitteena on selvittää, miten opiskeltava opetusala on yhteydessä näkemyksiin. Tutkielmamme on laadullinen tutkimus, jonka lähestymistapana toimii fenomenografia. Tutkielmamme aineisto on kerätty sähköisen kyselylomakkeen avulla opettajaksi opiskelevilta osana Oppijan oikeus — Opettajan taito -tutkimushanketta. Aineiston analyysissä hyödynnetään sekä aineistolähtöistä että summatiivista sisällönanalyysiä. Tutkielman teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä inkluusiota tarkastellaan historiallisen kehityksen näkökulmasta, kuvataan sen moninaisia määritelmiä ja kehityksen nykytilaa sekä siihen liitettyjä hyötyjä ja haasteita tutkimuksiin pohjautuen. Lisäksi käsittelemme opettajankoulutusta suhteessa inklusiivisen kehityksen asettamiin vaatimuksiin, tarkastelemme asenteita teoreettisesta näkökulmasta sekä esittelemme aiempaa tutkimusta opettajaksi opiskelevien ja opettajien asenteista inkluusiota kohtaan. Perehdymme myös aiempaan tutkimukseen opettajaksi opiskelevien näkemyksistä inkluusiosta. Tutkielman tulokset osoittavat, että opettajaksi opiskelevien näkemyksissä inkluusiolla on erilaisia hyötyjä ja mahdollisuuksia sekä haasteita. Heidän näkemyksensä mukaan inkluusioon liittyy resursseja, oppilaita sekä opettajia ja henkilökuntaa koskevia, sekä kokonaisvaltaisia haasteita. Inkluusion hyötyjen ja mahdollisuuksien nähdään olevan oppilaita koskevia sekä kokonaisvaltaisia. Luokan-, aineen- ja varhaiskasvatuksen opettajaksi opiskelevilla näkemyksissä painottuvat resursseja, oppilaita sekä opettajia ja henkilökuntaa koskevat haasteet. Muista ryhmistä poiketen erityisopettajaksi opiskelevien näkemyksissä korostuvat inkluusion kokonaisvaltaiset hyödyt ja mahdollisuudet resursseja ja oppilaita koskevien haasteiden ohella. Tutkielmamme tarjoaa laajan ja monipuolisen näkemyksen opettajaksi opiskelevien näkemyksistä inkluusiosta. Näkemykset inkluusiosta ovat haastekeskeisiä ja vahvasti kytköksissä oppilaiden moninaisuuteen ja sen ympärille kiertyviin haasteisiin. Tuloksien pohjalta nousee kehitysehdotuksia opettajankoulutukseen, jonka avulla opettajaksi opiskelevien näkemyksiin inkluusiosta voidaan pyrkiä vaikuttamaan

Toward On-Line Slag Composition Analysis: Optical Emissions from Laboratory Electric Arc

We acknowledge the support of Research Fund for Coal and Steel under grant agreement No. 709923, Academy of Finland for Genome of Steel grant No. 311934, Business Finland for Grant No. 4478/31/2019, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART2.Electric arc furnaces and ladle furnaces have an important role in the future of steelmaking where CO 2 emissions have to be mitigated to an acceptable level. One way to address this goal is to optimize and improve the current practices by adjusting the chemistry and reactions with material additions or gas injections. These procedures would greatly benefit from on-line slag composition analysis. Since the electric arcs radiate throughout the melting, optical emission spectroscopy is a potential method for such analysis. In this study, optical emissions from the electric arc are measured in a laboratory environment. Dozens of atomic emission lines were correlated with Cr 2O 3, Fe 2O 3, Al 2O 3, SiO 2, MnO, MgO, CaO, CaF 2, V 2O 5, and Ni content of the slag together with correlation between CaF 2 and molecular optical emission bands of CaF. Optimal spectral resolution for industrial applications was deducted to be between 0.022 and 0.179 nm. © 2021, The Author(s). --//-- Published under the CC BY license.Academy of Finland for Genome of Steel 311934, 4478/31/2019; Research Fund for Coal and Steel 709923; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART2

Proprietary Reasons and Joint Action

Some of the reasons one acts on in joint action are shared with fellow participants. But others are proprietary: reasons of one’s own that have no direct practical significance for other participants. The compatibility of joint action with proprietary reasons serves to distinguish the former from other forms of collective agency; moreover, it is arguably a desirable feature of joint action. Advocates of “team reasoning” link the special collective intention individual participants have when acting together with a distinctive form of practical reasoning that purports to put individuals in touch with group or collective reasons. Such views entail the surprising conclusion that one cannot engage in joint action for proprietary reasons. Suppose we understand the contrast between minimal and robust forms of joint action in terms of the extent to which participants act on proprietary reasons as opposed to shared reasons. Then, if the team reasoning view of joint intention and action is correct, it makes no sense to talk of minimal joint action. As soon as the reason for which one participates is proprietary, then one is not, on this view, genuinely engaged in joint action

Constraint rule-based programming of norms for electronic institutions

Peer reviewedPostprin

Biomonitoring of Indoor Air Fungal or Chemical Toxins with Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes

Bad indoor air quality due to toxins and other impurities can have a negative impact on human well-being, working capacity and health. Therefore, reliable methods to monitor the health risks associated with exposure to hazardous indoor air agents are needed. Here, we have used transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans nematode strains carrying stress-responsive fluorescent reporters and evaluated their ability to sense fungal or chemical toxins, especially those that are present in moisture-damaged buildings. Liquid-based or airborne exposure of nematodes to mycotoxins, chemical agents or damaged building materials reproducibly resulted in time- and dose-dependent fluorescent responses, which could be quantitated by either microscopy or spectrometry. Thus, the C. elegans nematodes present an easy, ethically acceptable and comprehensive in vivo model system to monitor the response of multicellular organisms to indoor air toxicity.Peer reviewe

Epistemic Dependence and Collective Scientific Knowledge

I argue that scientific knowledge is collective knowledge, in a sense to be specified and defended. I first consider some existing proposals for construing collective knowledge and argue that they are unsatisfactory, at least for scientific knowledge as we encounter it in actual scientific practice. Then I introduce an alternative conception of collective knowledge, on which knowledge is collective if there is a strong form of mutual epistemic dependence among scientists, which makes it so that satisfaction of the justification condition on knowledge ineliminably requires a collective. Next, I show how features of contemporary science support the conclusion that scientific knowledge is collective knowledge in this sense. Finally, I consider implications of my proposal and defend it against objections. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Evaluation of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TCTP-1 for the Detection of Metalloproteinase 2/9 Expression in Mouse Atherosclerotic Plaques

Background: The expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2/9 (MMP-2/9) has been implicated in arterial remodeling and inflammation in atherosclerosis. We evaluated a gallium-68 labeled peptide for the detection of MMP-2/9 in atherosclerotic mouse aorta. Methods: We studied sixteen low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient mice (LDLR-/-ApoB100/100) kept on a Western-type diet. Distribution of intravenously-injected MMP-2/9-targeting peptide, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TCTP-1, was studied by combined positron emission tomography (PET) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). At 60 min post-injection, aortas were cut into cryosections for autoradiography analysis of tracer uptake, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Zymography was used to assess MMP-2/9 activation and pre-treatment with MMP-2/9 inhibitor to assess the specificity of tracer uptake. Results: Tracer uptake was not visible by in vivo PET/CT in the atherosclerotic aorta, but ex vivo autoradiography revealed 1.8 ± 0.34 times higher tracer uptake in atherosclerotic plaques than in normal vessel wall (p = 0.0029). Tracer uptake in plaques correlated strongly with the quantity of Mac-3-positive macrophages (R = 0.91, p p = 0.099). Zymography showed MMP-2 activation in the aorta, and pre-treatment with MMP-2/9 inhibitor decreased tracer uptake by 55% (p = 0.0020). Conclusions: The MMP-2/9-targeting [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TCTP-1 shows specific uptake in inflamed atherosclerotic lesions; however, a low target-to-background ratio precluded in vivo vascular imaging. Our results suggest, that the affinity of gelatinase imaging probes should be steered towards activated MMP-2, to reduce the interference of circulating enzymes on the target visualization in vivo. -</div

Metabolomics demonstrates divergent responses of two Eucalyptus species to water stress

Past studies of water stress in Eucalyptus spp. generally highlighted the role of fewer than five “important” metabolites, whereas recent metabolomic studies on other genera have shown tens of compounds are affected. There are currently no metabolite profiling data for responses of stress-tolerant species to water stress. We used GC–MS metabolite profiling to examine the response of leaf metabolites to a long (2 month) and severe (Ψpredawn < −2 MPa) water stress in two species of the perennial tree genus Eucalyptus (the mesic Eucalyptus pauciflora and the semi-arid Eucalyptus dumosa). Polar metabolites in leaves were analysed by GC–MS and inorganic ions by capillary electrophoresis. Pressure–volume curves and metabolite measurements showed that water stress led to more negative osmotic potential and increased total osmotically active solutes in leaves of both species. Water stress affected around 30–40% of measured metabolites in E. dumosa and 10–15% in E. pauciflora. There were many metabolites that were affected in E. dumosa but not E. pauciflora, and some that had opposite responses in the two species. For example, in E. dumosa there were increases in five acyclic sugar alcohols and four low-abundance carbohydrates that were unaffected by water stress in E. pauciflora. Re-watering increased osmotic potential and decreased total osmotically active solutes in E. pauciflora, whereas in E. dumosa re-watering led to further decreases in osmotic potential and increases in total osmotically active solutes. This experiment has added several extra dimensions to previous targeted analyses of water stress responses in Eucalyptus, and highlights that even species that are closely related (e.g. congeners) may respond differently to water stress and re-waterin

Lower frequency of TLR9 variant associated with protection from breast cancer among African Americans

IntroductionToll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an innate immune system DNA-receptor that regulates tumor invasion and immunity in vitro. Low tumor TLR9 expression has been associated with poor survival in Caucasian patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). African American (AA) patients with TNBC have worse prognosis than Caucasians but whether this is due to differences in tumor biology remains controversial. We studied the prognostic significance of tumor Toll like receptor-9 (TLR9) protein expression among African American (AA) triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Germline TLR9 variants in European Americans (EAs) and AAs were investigated, to determine their contribution to AA breast cancer risk.MethodsTLR9 expression was studied with immunohistochemistry in archival tumors. Exome Variant Server and The Cancer Genome Atlas were used to determine the genetic variation in the general EA and AA populations, and AA breast cancer cases. Minor allele frequencies (MAFs) were compared between EAs (n = 4300), AAs (n = 2203), and/or AA breast cancer cases (n = 131).ResultsThirty-two TLR9 variants had a statistically significant MAF difference between general EAs and AAs. Twenty-one of them affect a CpG site. Rs352140, a variant previously associated with protection from breast cancer, is more common in EAs than AAs (p = 2.20E-16). EAs had more synonymous alleles, while AAs had more rare coding alleles. Similar analyses comparing AA breast cancer cases with AA controls did not reveal any variant class differences; however, three previously unreported TLR9 variants were associated with late onset breast cancer. Although not statistically significant, rs352140 was observed less frequently in AA cases compared to controls. Tumor TLR9 protein expression was not associated with prognosis.ConclusionsTumor TLR9 expression is not associated with prognosis in AA TNBC. Significant differences were detected in TLR9 variant MAFs between EAs and AAs. They may affect TLR9 expression and function. Rs352140, which may protect from breast cancer, is 1.6 X more common among EAs. These findings call for a detailed analysis of the contribution of TLR9 to breast cancer pathophysiology and health disparities