Paradigmas De La Gerencia En El Siglo Xxi

El avance de la ciencia y la tecnología ha generado una nueva dinámica en la economía mundial, la cual permitió la globalización de los mercados, el cual ha incrementado la competencia y el crecimiento exagerado en la demanda de bienes y servicios.Hoy este escenario representa una realidad que no se puede ocultar y por consiguiente los gerentes deben reaccionar de manera que adopten nuevas acciones conducentes a hacer frente a nuevos retos, estos derivados de las cambiantes realidades sociales, económicas y demográficas del mercado en constante evolución.El presente documento expone algunos de los principales retos que los gerentes deben enfrentar en la dinámica de la administración del siglo XXI

Implantação de minibibliotecas escolares: uma iniciativa da Embrapa para agricultores familiares.

A velocidade com que a informação é gerada transforma rapidamente as sociedades. Aqueles que não tem acesso à informação são marginalizados do processo de desenvolvimento social, econômico e tecnológico. Essa distribuição injusta das oportunidades é o ponto de partida da nossa discussão. Nosso foco são as escolas públicas rurais enquanto espaços ?privilegiados? de promoção da inclusão social. O presente artigo apresentará uma análise da experiência de implantação de Minibibliotecas Escolares no Semi-Árido Brasileiro, atualmente com 440 escolas participantes. Disponibiliza também os resultados de uma pesquisa de avaliação realizada entre novembro de 2006 e fevereiro de 2007, com as escolas participantes do projeto. Esses procedimentos fazem parte das ações da Embrapa no Programa Fome Zero desenvolvidas desde 2004, com o intuito de propiciar o repasse de informações e a gestão tecnológica através das escolas da área rural

Photoelectron diffraction: from phenomenological demonstration to practical tool

The potential of photoelectron diffraction—exploiting the coherent interference of directly-emitted and elastically scattered components of the photoelectron wavefield emitted from a core level of a surface atom to obtain structural information—was first appreciated in the 1970s. The first demonstrations of the effect were published towards the end of that decade, but the method has now entered the mainstream armoury of surface structure determination. This short review has two objectives: First, to outline the way that the idea emerged and the way this evolved in my own collaboration with Neville Smith and his colleagues at Bell Labs in the early years: Second, to provide some insight into the current state-of-the art in application of (scanned-energy mode) photoelectron diffraction to address two key issue in quantitative surface structure determination, namely, complexity and precision. In this regard a particularly powerful aspect of photoelectron diffraction is its elemental and chemical-state specificity

Photoelectron diffraction investigation of the structure of the clean TiO2(110)(1×1) surface

The surface relaxations of the rutile TiO2(110)(1×1) clean surface have been determined by O 1 s and Ti 2p3∕2 scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction. The results are in excellent agreement with recent low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) results, but in conflict with the results of some earlier investigations including one by surface x-ray diffraction. In particular, the bridging O atoms at the surface are found to relax outward, rather than inward, relative to the underlying bulk. Combined with the recent LEED and MEIS results, a consistent picture of the structure of this surface is provided. While the results of the most recent theoretical total-energy calculations are qualitatively consistent with this experimental consensus, significant quantitative differences remain

Flexible access to conformationally-locked bicyclic morpholines

A preparatively accessible route to a series of conformationally-locked bicyclic morpholines has been developed. This flexible approach allows for diversification in order for a small array of lead-like scaffolds to be synthesised from readily available key building blocks

The local adsorption structure of benzene on Si(001)-(2 × 1): a photoelectron diffraction investigation

Scanned-energy mode C 1s photoelectron diffraction has been used to investigate the local adsorption geometry of benzene on Si(001) at saturation coverage and room temperature. The results show that two different local bonding geometries coexist, namely the 'standard butterfly' (SB) and 'tilted bridge' (TB) forms, with a composition of 58 ± 29% of the SB species. Detailed structural parameter values are presented for both species including Si–C bond lengths. On the basis of published measurements of the rate of conversion of the SB to the TB form on this surface, we estimate that the timescale of our experiment is sufficient for achieving equilibrium, and in this case our results indicate that the difference in the Gibbs free energy of adsorption, ΔG(TB)−ΔG(SB), is in the range −0.023 to +0.049 eV. We suggest, however, that the relative concentration of the two species may also be influenced by a combination of steric effects influencing the kinetics, and a sensitivity of the adsorption energies of the adsorbed SB and TB forms to the nature of the surrounding benzene molecules

PARADIGMAS DE LA GERENCIA EN EL SIGLO XXI

El avance de la ciencia y la tecnología ha generado una nueva dinámica en la economía mundial, la cual permitió la globalización de los mercados, el cual ha incrementado la competencia y el crecimiento exagerado en la demanda de bienes y servicios.Hoy este escenario representa una realidad que no se puede ocultar y por consiguiente los gerentes deben reaccionar de manera que adopten nuevas acciones conducentes a hacer frente a nuevos retos, estos derivados de las cambiantes realidades sociales, económicas y demográficas del mercado en constante evolución.El presente documento expone algunos de los principales retos que los gerentes deben enfrentar en la dinámica de la administración del siglo XXI

PreImplantation Factor (PIF) promotes HLA-G, -E, -F, -C expression in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells and endogenous progesterone activity

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy success requires mandatory maternal tolerance of the semi/allogeneic embryo involving embryo-derived signals. Expression levels of PreImplantation Factor (PIF), a novel peptide secreted by viable embryos, correlate with embryo development, and its early detection in circulation correlates with a favourable pregnancy outcome. PIF enhances endometrial receptivity to promote embryo implantation. Via the p53 pathway, it increases trophoblast invasion, improving cell survival / immune privilege. PIF also reduces spontaneous and LPS-induced foetal death in immune naïve murine model. AIMS: To examine if PIF affects gene expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G, -E -F and -C in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells, and to examine the influence of PIF on local progesterone activity. Methods: PIF and progesterone (P4) effects on JEG-3 cells surface and intracellular HLA molecules was tested using monoclonal antibodies, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. PIF and IL17 effects on P4 and cytokines secretion was determined by ELISA. PIF and P4 effects on JEG-3 cells proteome was examined using 2D gel staining followed by spot analysis, mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS: In cytotrophoblastic JEG-3 cells PIF increased intracellular expression of HLA-G, HLA-F, HLA-E and HLA-C and surface expression of HLA-G, HLA-E and HLA-C in dose and time dependent manner. In case of HLA-E, F confirmed also by Western blotting. Proteome analysis confirmed an increase in HLA-G, pro-tolerance FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), coagulation factors and complement regulator. In contrast, PIF reduced PRDX2 and HSP70s to negate oxidative stress and protein misfolding. PIF enhanced local progesterone activity, increasing steroid secretion and the receptor protein. It also promoted the secretion of the Th1/Th2 cytokines (IL-10, IL-1β, IL-8, GM-CSF and TGF-β1), resulting in improved maternal signalling. CONCLUSION: PIF can generate a pro-tolerance milieu by enhancing the expression of HLA molecules and by amplifying endogenous progesterone activity. A Fast-Track clinical trial for autoimmune disease has been satisfactorily completed. The acquired data warrants PIF use for the treatment of early pregnancy disorders