Therapeutic drug monitoring of itraconazole and the relevance of pharmacokinetic interactions

ABSTRACTA review of the pharmacological aspects of greatest relevance in relation to the monitoring of itraconazole serum levels is presented in this article. The main causes of pharmacokinetic variability, e.g., poor aqueous solubility, the presystemic first-pass effect with the involvement of transporters such as P-glycoprotein, the high extent of metabolism mediated by the CYP450 system and a high probability of pharmacological interactions, are documented and discussed. The pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic criteria used to optimise antibiotic therapy, as well as their application to antifungal drugs, are also discussed. Data concerning the breakpoints established for the minimum serum concentrations of itraconazole are included, and the most relevant justifications for drug monitoring are cited

Epistemología y política en el discurso pedagógico

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Factorization invariants in half-factorial affine semigroups

Let $\mathbb{N} \mathcal{A}$ be the monoid generated by $\mathcal{A} = {\mathbf{a}_1, ..., \mathbf{a}_n} \subseteq \mathbb{Z}^d.$ We introduce the homogeneous catenary degree of $\mathbb{N} \mathcal{A}$ as the smallest $N \in \mathbb N$ with the following property: for each $\mathbf{a} \in \mathbb{N} \mathcal{A}$ and any two factorizations $\mathbf{u}, \mathbf{v}$ of $\mathbf{a}$, there exists factorizations $\mathbf{u} = \mathbf{w}_1, ..., \mathbf{w}_t = \mathbf{v}$ of $\mathbf{a}$ such that, for every $k, \mathrm{d}(\mathbf{w}_k, \mathbf{w}_{k+1}) \leq N,$ where $\mathrm{d}$ is the usual distance between factorizations, and the length of $\mathbf{w}_k, |\mathbf{w}_k|,$ is less than or equal to $\max{|\mathbf{u}|, |\mathbf{v}|}.$ We prove that the homogeneous catenary degree of $\mathbb{N} \mathcal{A}$ improves the monotone catenary degree as upper bound for the ordinary catenary degree, and we show that it can be effectively computed. We also prove that for half-factorial monoids, the tame degree and the $\omega$-primality coincide, and that all possible catenary degrees of the elements of an affine semigroup of this kind occur as the catenary degree of one of its Betti elements.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figur

Estilos de trabajo e inteligencias múltiples

El objetivo del trabajo es determinarla validez yflabilidad del modelo dejos estilos de trabajo, fundamentado en la teoría de las Inteligencias Múltiples (IM). Primero, se analizan los componentes de dicha teoría y su incidencia en el curriculum escolar. En segundo lugar, se estudia el procedimiento de evaluación. Además, se presentan los resultados del estudio empírico realizado con una muestra de 237 alumnos pertenecientes a Educación Infantil y Primaria, escolarizados en centros públicos y privados de la Región de Murcia. Del estudio realizado se desprende que los estilos están asociados a las diferentes inteligencias; además, el inventario de estilos de trabajo arroja una validez y fiabilidad altamente consistente.________________________________ The objective of this work is to determinate the validity and reliability of the model of work styles, as set out In the theory of Multiple Intelligences (MI). First, we analyze the components of this theory and their Incidence in the school curriculum. Second, we study the evaluation procedure. Additionally, we present the results of an empirical study carried out with a sample of 237 students in public and private nursery and primary schools in the province of Murcia, Spain. The study carried out reveals that the styles are associated with the different Intelligences. Furthermore, the inventory of styles shows a highly consistent validity and reliability

Prevalence of severe atopic dermatitis in adults in 3 areas of Spain

The study was sponsored by Sanof

Поверхностные скорости и айсберговый сток ледникового купола Академии Наук на Северной Земле

We have determined the ice-surface velocities of the Academy of Sciences Ice Cap, Severnaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic, during the period November 2016 – November 2017, using intensity offset-tracking of Sentinel-1 synthetic-aperture radar images. We used the average of 54 pairs of weekly velocities (with both images in each pair separated by a12-day period) to estimate the mean annual ice discharge from the ice cap. We got an average ice discharge for 2016–2017 of 1,93±0,12 Gt a−1, which is equivalent to −0,35±0,02 m w.e. a−1 over the whole area of the ice cap. The difference from an estimate of ~1,4 Gt a−1 for 2003–2009 can be attributed to the initiation of ice-stream flow in Basin BC sometime between 2002 and 2016. Since the front position changes between both periods have been negligible, ice discharge is equivalent to calving flux. We compare our results for calving flux with those of previous studies and analyse the possible drivers of the changes observed along the last three decades. Since these changes do not appear to have responded to environmental changes, we conclude that the observed changes are likely driven by the intrinsic characteristics of the ice cap governing tidewater glacier dynamics.По 54 парам космических снимков Sentinel‐1, сделанных с ноября 2016 г. по ноябрь 2017 г., определены скорости движения ледникового купола Академии Наук на Северной Земле. На этой основе оценён среднегодовой расход льда в море этого купола (1,93±0,12 Гт/год), установлены основные пути стока льда, проведено сравнение с прежними оценками

Role of the 5' untranslated region of the Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 3 in cell-to-cell and long distance transport.

Após o início da infecção de uma única célula, vírus de planta necessita para invadir as células adjacentes, uma processo de transporte de célula-a-célula denominados, como um passo anterior para invadir as partes distais do hospedeiro através do sistema vascular ou do transporte sistémico. A capacidade para atingir as partes não inoculadas de um planta implica que o vírus deve infectar específico células localizadas no tecido vascular. Na maioria dos casos, partículas do vírus são necessários para este trans- vascular port. No presente estudo, tratamos o caracterização de determinantes virais críticos para o transporte de longa distância usando o Alfalfa vírus do mosaico (AMV) sistema de modelo, o que exige partícula do vírus para o transporte sistêmicaEdição dos Resumos do 12º Congreso Nacional de Virología, Burgos, Espanha, jun. 2013

Strength distribution of solar magnetic fields in photospheric quiet Sun regions

The magnetic topology of the solar photosphere in its quietest regions is hidden by the difficulties to disentangle magnetic flux through the resolution element from the field strength of unresolved structures. The observation of spectral lines with strong coupling with hyperfine structure, like the observed MnI line at 553.7 nm, allows such differentiation. The main aim is to analyse the distribution of field strengths in the network and intranetwork of the solar photosphere through inversion of the MnI line at 553.7 nm. An inversion code for the magnetic field using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been developed. Statistical tests are run on the code to validate it. The code has to draw information from the small-amplitude spectral feature oppearing in the core of the Stokes V profile of the observed line for field strengths below a certain threshold, coinciding with lower limit of the Paschen-Back effect in the fine structure of the involved atomic levels. The inversion of the observed profiles, using the circular polarization (V) and the intensity (I), shows the presence of magnetic fields strengths in a range from 0 to 2 kG, with predominant weak strength values. Mixed regions with mean strength field values of 1130 and 435 Gauss are found associated with the network and intranetwork respectively. The MnI line at 553 nm probes the field strength distribution in the quiet sun and shows the predominance of weak, hectoGauss fields in the intranetwork, and strong, kiloGauss fields in the network. It also shows that both network and intranetwork are to be understood at our present spatial resolutions as field distributions of which we hint the mean properties.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure