“Working the System”—British American Tobacco's Influence on the European Union Treaty and Its Implications for Policy: An Analysis of Internal Tobacco Industry Documents

Katherine Smith and colleagues investigate the ways in which British American Tobacco influenced the European Union Treaty so that new EU policies advance the interests of major corporations, including those that produce products damaging to health

Thinking about Race: The Salience of Racial Identity at Two- and Four-Year Colleges and the Climate for Diversity

Racial identity salience is an important component of identity development that is associated with a number of educational outcomes. Using the Diverse Learning Environments Survey, this study identifies precollege and college experiences that contribute to a heightened salience of racial identity, and its relationship to perceptions of campus climate

Early life risk factors of motor, cognitive and language development: a pooled analysis of studies from low/middle-income countries.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the magnitude of relationships of early life factors with child development in low/middle-income countries (LMICs). DESIGN:Meta-analyses of standardised mean differences (SMDs) estimated from published and unpublished data. DATA SOURCES:We searched Medline, bibliographies of key articles and reviews, and grey literature to identify studies from LMICs that collected data on early life exposures and child development. The most recent search was done on 4 November 2014. We then invited the first authors of the publications and investigators of unpublished studies to participate in the study. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES:Studies that assessed at least one domain of child development in at least 100 children under 7 years of age and collected at least one early life factor of interest were included in the study. ANALYSES:Linear regression models were used to assess SMDs in child development by parental and child factors within each study. We then produced pooled estimates across studies using random effects meta-analyses. RESULTS:We retrieved data from 21 studies including 20 882 children across 13 LMICs, to assess the associations of exposure to 14 major risk factors with child development. Children of mothers with secondary schooling had 0.14 SD (95% CI 0.05 to 0.25) higher cognitive scores compared with children whose mothers had primary education. Preterm birth was associated with 0.14 SD (-0.24 to -0.05) and 0.23 SD (-0.42 to -0.03) reductions in cognitive and motor scores, respectively. Maternal short stature, anaemia in infancy and lack of access to clean water and sanitation had significant negative associations with cognitive and motor development with effects ranging from -0.18 to -0.10 SDs. CONCLUSIONS:Differential parental, environmental and nutritional factors contribute to disparities in child development across LMICs. Targeting these factors from prepregnancy through childhood may improve health and development of children

Estimativa do volume de madeira em pátios de estocagem de toras por meio de câmeras RGB instaladas em Aeronaves Remotamente Pilotadas (ARP).

A utilização de câmeras fotográficas acopladas a aeronaves remotamente pilotadas (ARP) na engenharia consiste em uma alternativa de baixo custo para o mapeamento e modelagem 3D por meio de nuvens de pontos produzidas pelo processamento estereoscópico das ortofotos obtidas durante o voo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e selecionar uma estratégia de plano de voo semiautônomo para fotogrametria usando uma câmera RGB acoplada a um ARP multirrotor (classe III), cujo produto é a obtenção de nuvens de pontos de alta densidade, visando à estimativa do volume de madeira em pátios de estocagem de toras. Foi testada a acurácia das estimativas de volume de 12 pilhas de toras de madeira, produzidas pelo processamento da nuvem de pontos de imagens obtidas em três diferentes altitudes (30, 40 e 50 metros) e overlap lateral de 80% a 90%, com o volume das pilhas medido em campo. Os contrates das médias dos tratamentos foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey (5%). Os erros de estimativa volumétrica dos três planos de voo oscilaram de 0,58% a 19,63%. Não houve diferença significativa entre os planos de voo de 30 e 40 metros, cujo erro médio por pilha de toras foi de 0,39 m3. Voos acima de 40 metros podem ser empregados desde que se eleve o overlap lateral e longitudinal para valores próximos de 90%.bitstream/item/157013/1/26266.pd

Arthroscopic Hip Labral Augmentation Technique With Iliotibial Band Graft

The importance of the acetabular labrum has been well documented for the function and overall health of the hip joint. Several biomechanical studies have shown the sealing effect of the acetabular labrum. In the past decade, labral repair procedures have gained increased attention, with the literature suggesting that the outcomes after hip arthroscopy are directly related to labral preservation. However, a primary labral repair can be challenging in cases of hypoplastic, ossified, or complex and irreparable labral tears in which there is insufficient tissue to perform a primary repair. For these cases, labral reconstruction becomes a viable option with good outcomes at short-term and midterm follow-up. A subset of these patients may show viable remnants of the labral circumferential fibers but, because of the low tissue volume, these remnant fibers are unable to maintain the suction seal. In this situation, a labral augmentation may be a viable alternative to labral reconstruction while preserving as much native labral tissue as possible. The purpose of this Technical Note is to describe an arthroscopic hip labral augmentation technique using iliotibial band autograft or allograft