Environmental factors associated with the distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic areas of Bangladesh: Modeling the ecological niche

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic infection (also called kala-azar in South Asia) caused by Leishmania donovani that is a considerable threat to public health in the Indian subcontinent, including densely populated Bangladesh. The disease seriously affects the poorest subset of the population in the subcontinent. Despite the fact that the incidence of VL results in significant morbidity and mortality, its environmental determinants are relatively poorly understood, especially in Bangladesh. In this study, we have extracted a number of environmental variables obtained from a range of sources, along with human VL cases collected through several field visits, to model the distribution of disease which may then be used as a surrogate for determining the distribution of Phlebotomus argentipes vector, in hyperendemic and endemic areas of Mymensingh and Gazipur districts in Bangladesh. The analysis was carried out within an ecological niche model (ENM) framework using a maxent to explore the ecological requirements of the disease. Results: The results suggest that VL in the study area can be predicted by precipitation during the warmest quarter of the year, land surface temperature (LST), and normalized difference water index (NDWI). As P. argentipes is the single proven vector of L. donovani in the study area, its distribution could reasonably be determined by the same environmental variables. The analysis further showed that the majority of VL cases were located in mauzas where the estimated probability of the disease occurrence was high. This may reflect the potential distribution of the disease and consequently P. argentipes in the study area. Conclusions: The results of this study are expected to have important implications, particularly in vector control strategies and management of risk associated with this disease. Public health officials can use the results to prioritize their visits in specific areas. Further, the findings can be used as a baseline to model how the distribution of the disease caused by P. argentipes might change in the event of climatic and environmental changes that resulted from increased anthropogenic activities in Bangladesh and elsewhere

Proximity to healthcare centres and service use: The case of Community Clinics in Bangladesh

CAUL read and publish agreement 2023fals

Effects of fish and prawn culture on physico-chemical parameters of water and rice yield in rice fields

An experiment was conducted with five treatments i.e. rice combined with fish having regular urea fertilization (T1), rice combined with prawn having regular urea fertilization (T2), rice combined with fish with supplementary feeding (T3), rice combined with prawn with supplementary feeding (T4) and without fish and prawn (T5) was kept as control. The dissolved oxygen values obtained in treatments with fish both in morning and afternoon were lower than the values of prawn containing treatments and control. The values of nitrate-N, ammonia-N, phosphate-P and chlorophyll-a were higher in fish containing treatments than the prawn containing treatments and control. Between the two fish containing treatments the higher gross (539.44 kg/ha) and net (440.14 kg/ha) yield were obtained in T3 with supplementary feeding and the lower gross (424.88 kg/ha) and net (314.32 kg/ha) yield were recorded in T1 without supplementary feeding. Again, between two prawn containing treatments the higher gross (108.69 kg/ha) and net (81.92 kg/ha) yield were obtained in T4 with supplementary feeding and lower gross (64.32 kg/ha) and net (30.98 kg/ha) yield were recorded in T2 without supplementary feeding. The highest yield of rice grain (3.45 mt/ha) and straw (6.37 mt/ha) were obtained in T1 with fish having urea fertilization without feeding

Proposed Thermal Circuit Model for the Cost Effective Design of Fin FET

The Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) device has been rapidly evolving and its size has been drastically decreasing ever since it was first fabricated in 1960 [Us Patent 3,356,858: 1967]. The substantial reduction in the CMOS device size has led to short channel effects which have resulted in the introduction of Fin Field Effect Transistor (FinFET), a tri-gate transistor built on a silicon on insulator (SOI) substrate. Furthermore, due to the geometry of the FinFET the severity of the heating problem has dramatically increased. Self-heating in the 3-dimensional FinFET device enhances the temperature gradients and peak temperature, which decrease drive current, increase the interconnect delays and degrade the device and interconnect reliability. In this work we have proposed a methodology to develop an accurate thermal model for the FinFET through a rigorous physics-based mathematical approach. A thermal circuit for the FinFET will be derived from the model. This model will allow chip designers to predict interconnect temperature which will lead them to achieve cost-effective design for the FinFET-based semiconductor chips. Keywords: Bulk CMOS, SOI CMOS, FinFET, Thermal heating

Mutual Coupling Reduction in Antenna Using EBG on Double Substrate

In this paper, a mutual coupling studies is conducted between two-element array antenna on dual substrate. A single patch antenna is firstly designed on dual substrate layer to testify appropriate performance at 2.45 GHz. Subsequently, an array of two element patches on dual substrate are constructed with one of them is incorporated with three EBG unit cell on the bottom substrate. The radiating patch is on the top substrate, while the EBG unit cells is on the bottom substrate. With EBGs in separate layers from the antenna array, the antenna elements are closely separated by a distance of 22 mm with a significant reduced mutual coupling of -26.61 dB. This correspond to a distance reduction of 34.68%. The proposed structure implemented only three EBG unit cells. Apart from that, the study of overlapped case of EBG with the antenna is also presented

Dual Band to Wideband Pentagon-shaped Patch Antenna with Frequency Reconfigurability using EBGs

A dual band to wideband reconfigurable pentagon-shaped antenna with EBG unit cell is proposed. A minimal number of two EBG unit cell is deployed to realize frequency reconfigurable mechanism.  By varying the state of the EBG the antenna is capable to change its dual band operation to wideband alternately. There are three cases that have been analysed, first case is the EBG incorporated antenna with ideal and second is with the active EBG. Subsequently, the third cases is the fabricated ideal EBG incorporated antenna. The dual band operation is at 1.8 GHz and 5.2 GHz while the wide band from 1.6 GHz to 2.37 GHz (770 MHz). The proposed reconfigurable antenna is suitable to be implemented for LTE (1.6 GHz), Wi-Fi (5.2 GHz), WiMAX (2.3 GHz) and cognitive radio application

Resource Management of Mobile Communication System

To ensure good traffic handling, channel allocation is one of the important mobile communication resources for quality of service. Usually, three types of channel allocations are widely used: fixed channel allocation, borrowing radio channels from surrounding calls and dynamic channel allocations. In this paper instead conventional channel allocation schemes, we used call admission control (CAC) scheme to combat forced termination (FT). The analytical model of traffic handling in mobile cellular network is implemented by Markov chain; hence the profile of call blocking probability of newly originating call and FT is shown against the call arrival rate and the number of channels. Finally the impact of fading parameters of wireless channel on FT is also analyzed under Rayleigh fading case

High resolution evidence for the Garrett-Munk spectrum of stratospheric gravity waves

Vertical profiles of scalar horizontal winds have been measured at high resolution (10 m) in the 13 to 37 km region of the stratosphere. This resolution (at that range of altitude) represents the state-of-the-art, and is unique. The technique used smoke trails laid by rockets in the stratosphere, and were taken by AFGL at Wallops Island, VA, White Sands Missile Range, NM, and Ft. Churchill, Canada, in the 1977-78 time period. Two or three cameras were used to give the time-lapse photographs. The goal was to ascertain whether or not the internal waves of the stratosphere behave consistently with the Garrett-Munk model which was originally created for oceanic internal waves. Five profiles of horizontal wind are presented. It is concluded: (1) stratospheric internal waves obey the Garrett-Munk model for vertical wave numbers; (2) there is not statistically significant evidence for a break in the curve at high wave numbers when due allowance is made for aliasing effects; and (3) the power density level of the spectra are almost equal on a log-log scale in spite of the difference in time, season, and geographical location

A study on V-shaped microstrip patch MIMO antenna

A study on the V-shaped microstrip patch antenna for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system based on the antenna orientation is performed. First the microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.45 GHz is calculated and simulated. Next, multiple elements of antennas for MIMO system is simulated and discussed. V-shaped with 45 degree slanted inward and outward is studied. The antenna properties are analyzed and compact antenna design is determined based on the simulation results. The dresults show the gap between antennas can be optimized to 1 mm while maintaining low mutual coupling. The gain of the MIMO antenna is 8.42 dBi. The simulated return losses, together with the radiation patterns, are presented and discussed