Weakly Generalized β- Continuous Mapping in Neutrosophic Bitopological Spaces

This paper explores the notion of β-continuity in neutrosophic bitopological spaces, a specialized area of mathematics that extends classical topological concepts to handle indeterminate or uncertain information. The study begins with the introduction of τ₁τ₂ semi-closed sets and τ₁τ₂-weakly continuous functions, which are fundamental building blocks. Key results include Proposition 2.1.3, which characterizes τ₁τ₂-weakly β-continuous mappings in terms of pre-images and β-interiors of open sets in the codomain space. Propositions 2.1.4 and 2.1.5 establish equivalent conditions for τ₁τ₂-weakly β-continuous functions involving pre-images, closures, and regular closed sets. Propositions 2.1.6 and 2.1.7 provide alternative characterizations of τ₁τ₂-weakly β-continuous functions, revealing connections with β-interiors and pre-image relationships. These findings contribute to the understanding of topological properties in neutrosophic bitopological spaces, offering valuable insights for further research in this intricate field

Pairwise β-Open Set in Neutrosophic Bitopological Spaces

This paper introduces the concepts of pairwise τ₁τ₂ neutrosophic-open sets, pairwise τ₁τ₂ neutrosophic-semi-open sets, and pairwise τ₁τ₂ neutrosophic-pre-open sets in neutrosophic bitopological spaces. We study some of the basic properties of these sets and prove several propositions, including the fact that the fusion of two τ₁τ₂ neutrosophic-open sets is a pairwise τ₁τ₂ neutrosophic-open set

Proses Penginstanan Temu Lawak, Kunyit Putih dan Jahe Merah serta Pengaruhnya terhadap Kadar Antioksidan dan Daya Terimanya

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah proses penginstanan temu lawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), kunyit putih (Curcuma zedoaria) dan jahe merah (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) mempunyai pengaruh terhadap daya antioksidan yang dihasilkan. Perlakuan pada penelitian berupa jenis bahan sumber antioksidan alami temu lawak, kunyit putih dan jahe merah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produk olahan instan dari temu lawak, kunyit putih dan jahe merah dapat menurunkan aktivitas antioksidan dengan trend yang berbeda. Aktivitas antioksidan non instan dari temu lawak, kunyit putih dan jahe merah masing-masing 87,0 ppm, 110,0 ppm dan 159,1 ppm. Produk olahan instan dari temu lawak, kunyit putih dan jahe merah memberikan hasil aktivitas antioksidan masing-masing sebesar 54,4 ppm, 41,2 ppm dan 45,9 ppm. Penurunan aktivitas antioksidan temu lawak lebih kecil dari pada penurunan aktivitas antioksidan kunyit putih dan jahe merah

A social network analysis of social cohesion in a constructed pride: Implications for ex situ reintroduction of the African Lion (Panthera leo)

Animal conservation practices include the grouping of captive related and unrelated individuals to form a social structure which is characteristic of that species in the wild. In response to the rapid decline of wild African lion (Panthera leo) populations, an array of conservational strategies have been adopted. Ex situ reintroduction of the African lion requires the construction of socially cohesive pride structures prior to wild release. This pilot study adopted a social network theory approach to quantitatively assess a captive pride's social structure and the relationships between individuals within them. Group composition (who is present in a group) and social interaction data (social licking, greeting, play) was observed and recorded to assess social cohesion within a released semi-wild pride. UCINET and SOCPROG software was utilised to represent and analyse these social networks. Results indicate that the pride is socially cohesive, does not exhibit random associations, and the role of socially influential keystone individuals is important for maintaining social bondedness within a lion pride. These results are potentially informative for the structure of lion prides, in captivity and in the wild, and could have implications for captive and wild-founder reintroductions

Theorising age and generation in development: A relational approach

This introduction outlines the analytical approach informing the articles presented in this special issue. The project of ‘generationing’ development involves re-thinking development as distinctly generational in its dynamics. For this, we adopt a relational approach to the study of young people in development, which overcomes the limitations inherent to common categorising approaches. Concepts of age and generation are employed to conceptualise young people as social actors and life phases such as childhood and youth in relational terms. Acknowledging the centrality of young people in social reproduction puts them at the heart of development studies and leads the articles comprising this special issue to explore how young people’s agency shapes and is shaped by the changing terms of social reproduction brought about by development

Aesthetic sense and social cognition: : a story from the Early Stone Age

Human aesthetic practices show a sensitivity to the ways that the appearance of an artefact manifests skills and other qualities of the maker. We investigate a possible origin for this kind of sensibility, locating it in the need for co-ordination of skill-transmission in the Acheulean stone tool culture. We argue that our narrative supports the idea that Acheulean agents were aesthetic agents. In line with this we offer what may seem an absurd comparison: between the Acheulean and the Quattrocento. In making it we display some hidden complexity in human aesthetic responses to an artefact. We conclude with a brief review of rival explanations—biological and/or cultural—of how this skills-based sensibility became a regular feature of human aesthetic practices

A Diverse and Flexible Teaching Toolkit Facilitates the Human Capacity for Cumulative Culture

© 2017, The Author(s). Human culture is uniquely complex compared to other species. This complexity stems from the accumulation of culture over time through high- and low-fidelity transmission and innovation. One possible reason for why humans retain and create culture, is our ability to modulate teaching strategies in order to foster learning and innovation. We argue that teaching is more diverse, flexible, and complex in humans than in other species. This particular characteristic of human teaching rather than teaching itself is one of the reasons for human’s incredible capacity for cumulative culture. That is, humans unlike other species can signal to learners whether the information they are teaching can or cannot be modified. As a result teaching in humans can be used to support high or low fidelity transmission, innovation, and ultimately, cumulative culture

Teaching: Natural or Cultural?

In this chapter I argue that teaching, as we now understand the term, is historically and cross-culturally very rare. It appears to be unnecessary to transmit culture or to socialize children. Children are, on the other hand, primed by evolution to be avid observers, imitators, players and helpers—roles that reveal the profoundly autonomous and self-directed nature of culture acquisition (Lancy in press a). And yet, teaching is ubiquitous throughout the modern world—at least among the middle to upper class segment of the population. This ubiquity has led numerous scholars to argue for the universality and uniqueness of teaching as a characteristically human behavior. The theme of this chapter is that this proposition is unsustainable. Teaching is largely a result of recent cultural changes and the emergence of modern economies, not evolution

Between Will and Thought: Individualism and Social Responsiveness in Amazonian Child Rearing

This essay provides an ethnographic account of how moral dispositions towards independence and social responsiveness are forged during infancy and toddlerhood among the Runa, an indigenous people in the Ecuadorian Amazon. I will show how two local concepts, munay (will) and yuyay (thought) shape children’s early experiences of the self and the self in relation to others. In particular, I will argue that, unlike middle class Anglo-Americans who repute paternal responsiveness to be necessary for a “healthy” child development, Runa adults strategically chose not to respond to children’s will in order to make them “thoughtful”. Such state of thoughtfulness, I argue, emerges from socialization practices which stress a child’s unique will while at the same time forcefully encourage the development of social responsiveness