Algunos aspectos no cartesianos del racionalismo de Spinoza y de Leibniz. Sobre la naturaleza de los cuerpos

Tras recordar en la primera parte algunos vestigios de la herencia neoplatónica y cabalística de la tradición animista en las obras de Spinoza y del joven Leibniz, analizo en la segunda parte aspectos del conatus, que son comunes a ambos filósofos: mens idea corporis y mens harmonia conatuum respectivamente. Por fin, en una tercera parte, describo la «transvaloración » que del conatus de Hobbes y de Spinoza, así como de las regulae motus de Huygens, trató de hacer Leibniz: por una parte, de la resistencia o inertia naturalis de los cuerpos a la vis insita rebus: i. e. potentia absoluta corporum; y por otra parte, de la relatividad del movimiento de los experimentos mecánicos a la universalidad del principio de la equipolencia de la causa plena y del efecto entero, cuyo último fundamento es el principio de individuación: la universalidad de todas las leyes mecánicas y la singularidad de cada suceso del universo.Després de recordar en la primera part alguns vestigis de l'herència neoplatònica i cabalística de la tradició animista en les obres de Spinoza i del jove Leibniz, analitzo en la segona part aspectes del conatus, que són comuns a ambdós filòsofs: mens idea corporis i mens harmonia conatuum respectivament. Finalment, en una tercera part, descric la «transvaloració» que del conatus de Hobbes i de Spinoza, així com de les regulae motus de Huygens, va tractar de fer Leibniz: d'una banda, de la resistència o inertia naturalis dels cossos a la vis insita rebus: i. e. potentia absoluta corporum; i de l'altra, de la relativitat del moviment dels experiments mecànics a la universalitat del principi de l'equipol·lència de la causa plena i de l'efecte enter, l'últim fonament del qual és el principi d'individuació: la universalitat de totes les lleis mecàniques i la singularitat de cada succés de l'univers.Remembering in the first part some vestiges of the neoplatonic and kabbalistic heritage of the animistic tradition in the work of Spinoza and the young Leibniz, I analyze in the second part the common aspects of the conatus in both philosophers: mens idea corporis and mens harmonia conatuum, respectively. Finally, in the third part, I describe the "transvaloration" of Hobbes's and Spinoza's conatus and Huygens's regulae motus Leibniz intended to add: from the "resistance or inertia naturalis" of bodies to the vis insita rebus (i.e., potentia absoluta corporum) and from the "relativity" of motion of mechanical experiments to the "universality" of the principle of equipolentia causae plenae et effectus integri grounded in the principle of individuation, that is, the universality of all mechanical rules and the singularity of every fact of the universe

Labour market trajectories following sickness absence due to self-reported all cause morbidity—a longitudinal study

Abstract Background To investigate differences in return to work (RTW) and employment trajectories in individuals on sick leave for either mental health reasons or other health related reasons. Methods This study was based on 2036 new sickness absence cases who completed a questionnaire on social characteristics, expectations for RTW and reasons for sickness absence. They were divided into two exposure groups according to their self-reported sickness absence reason: mental health reasons or other health reasons. The outcome was employment status during the following 51 weeks and was measured both as time-to-event analysis and with sequence analysis. Results Individuals with mental health reasons for sickness absence had a higher risk of not having returned to work (RR 0.87 (0.80;0.93)). Adjusting for gender, age, education and employment did not change the estimate, however, after adding RTW expectations to the model, the excess risk was no longer present (RR 1.01 (0.95;1.08)). In relation to the sequence analysis, individuals with mental health related absence had significantly higher odds of being in the sickness absence cluster and significantly lower odds for being in the fast RTW cluster, but when adjusting for RTW expectations, the odds were somewhat attenuated and no longer significant. Conclusions Employees on sick leave due to self-reported mental health problems spent more weeks in sickness absence and temporary benefits and had a higher risk of not having returned to work within a year compared to employees on sick leave due to other health reasons. The difference could be explained by their lower RTW expectations at baseline. This emphasises the need to develop suitable and specific interventions to facilitate RTW for this group of sickness absentees

Coordinated and tailored work rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial with economic evaluation undertaken with workers on sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders

Introduction In Denmark, the magnitude and impact of work disability on the individual worker and society has prompted the development of a new "coordinated and tailored work rehabilitation" (CTWR) approach. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of CTWR with conventional case management (CCM) on return-to-work of workers on sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Methods The study was a randomized controlled trial with economic evaluation undertaken with workers on sick leave for 4-12 weeks due to MSDs. CTWR consists of a work disability screening by an interdisciplinary team followed by the collaborative development of a RTW plan. The primary outcome variable was registered cumulative sickness absence hours during 12 months follow-up. Secondary outcomes were work status as well as pain intensity and functional disability, measured at baseline, 3 and 12 months follow-up. The economic evaluation (intervention costs, productivity loss, and health care utilization costs) was based on administrative data derived from national registries. Results For the time intervals 0-6 months, 6-12 months, and the entire follow-up period, the number of sickness absence hours was significantly lower in the CTWR group as compared to the control group. The total costs saved in CTWR participants compared to controls were estimated at US $1,366 per person at 6 months follow-up and US$ 10,666 per person at 12 months follow-up. Conclusions Workers on sick leave for 4-12 weeks due to MSD who underwent "CTWR" by an interdisciplinary team had fewer sickness absence hours than controls. The economic evaluation showed that-in terms of productivity loss-CTWR seems to be cost saving for the society

Behavioral determinants as predictors of return to work after long-term sickness absence: an application of the theory of planned behavior

Background The aim of this prospective, longitudinal cohort study was to analyze the association between the three behavioral determinants of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model-attitude, subjective norm and self-efficacy-and the time to return-to-work (RTW) in employees on long-term sick leave. Methods The study was based on a sample of 926 employees on sickness absence (maximum duration of 12 weeks). The employees filled out a baseline questionnaire and were subsequently followed until the tenth month after listing sick. The TPB-determinants were measured at baseline. Work attitude was measured with a Dutch language version of the Work Involvement Scale. Subjective norm was measured with a self-structured scale reflecting a person's perception of social support and social pressure. Self-efficacy was measured with the three subscales of a standardised Dutch version of the general self-efficacy scale (ALCOS): willingness to expend effort in completing the behavior, persistence in the face of adversity, and willingness to initiate behavior. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to identify behavioral determinants of the time to RTW. Results Median time to RTW was 160 days. In the univariate analysis, all potential prognostic factors were significantly associated (P < 0.15) with time to RTW: work attitude, social support, and the three subscales of self-efficacy. The final multivariate model with time to RTW as the predicted outcome included work attitude, social support and willingness to expend effort in completing the behavior as significant predictive factors. Conclusions This prospective, longitudinal cohort-study showed that work attitude, social support and willingness to expend effort in completing the behavior are significantly associated with a shorter time to RTW in employees on long-term sickness absence. This provides suggestive evidence for the relevance of behavioral characteristics in the prediction of duration of sickness absence. It may be a promising approach to address the behavioral determinants in the development of interventions focusing on RTW in employees on long-term sick leave

A large ongoing outbreak of hepatitis A predominantly affecting young males in Lazio, Italy; August 2016 - March 2017

The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is mainly transmitted through the faecal-oral route. In industrialized countries HAV infection generally occurs as either sporadic cases in travelers from endemic areas, local outbreak within closed/semi-closed population and as foodborne community outbreak. Recently, an increasing number of HAV infection clusters have been reported among young men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM). The Lazio Regional Service for the epidemiology and control for infectious diseases (SeRESMI) has noticed an increase of acute hepatitis A (AHA) since September 2016. Temporal analysis carried out with a discrete Poisson model using surveillance data between January 2016 and March 2017 evidenced an ongoing outbreak of AHA that started at the end of August. Molecular investigation carried out on 130 out of 513 cases AHA reported until March 2017 suggests that this outbreak is mainly supported by an HAV variant which is currently spreading within MSM communities across Europe (VRD_521_2016). The report confirms that AHA is an emerging issue among MSM. In addition through the integration of standard (case based) surveillance with molecular investigation we could discriminate, temporally concomitant but epidemiologically unrelated, clusters due to different HAV variants. As suggested by the WHO, in countries with low HAV circulation, vaccination programmes should be tailored on the local epidemiological patterns to prevent outbreaks among high risk groups and eventual spillover of the infection in the general population

FORMARE ALLA DEMOCRAZIA. NUOVI ITINERARI PER LA GIUSTIZIA SOCIALE

La domanda sull’educazione, e su quale modello di educazione, appartiene alla società, è mossa dalla società, così come ad essa deve tornare la risposta: educare alla complessità, al pensiero critico, alla responsabilità delle scelte sono le risposte possibili. In altre parole, consideriamo l’educazione come cittadinanza attiva, intendendo per cittadinanza una condizione definita, fon-data sul rispetto di sé, degli altri e delle regole della comunità. Si tratta di un atteggiamento culturale fatto di valori come l’impegno civile e politico, e di una dimensione etica che implica la convinzione per la quale senza scelta e responsabilità non possa esistere autentica giustizia sociale. È il senso di ap-partenenza ed esercizio di democrazia, dove la democrazia è il risultato di contrapposizione prima, di mediazione poi. Questo dovrebbe essere il com-pito della Scuola pubblica, da adempiere ricorrendo alla ricchezza culturale che le deriva dal suo pluralismo; lo possono fare insegnanti formati, dispo-nibili al confronto, che sappiano smontare e rimontare saperi disciplinari e competenze trasversali in modo epistemologicamente corretto, per rispon-dere ai diversificati bisogni di apprendimento, fornendo strumenti di inte-razione con la realtà. La Scuola, dunque, come luogo etico di formazione e cittadinanza, che orienti il cambiamento e i processi trasformativi, ispirata a nuovi paradigmi culturali, sociali, psico-pedagogici e organizzativi. Una Scuola che, in quanto servizio pubblico, stia già dentro un progetto peda-gogico e politico insieme. KEYWORDSSchool, Participatory Democracy, Social Justice, Active Citizenship, Teacher Education. Scuola, Democrazia Partecipativa, Giustizia Sociale, Cittadinanza Attiva, For-mazione degli Insegnanti. Introduzione Nelle riflessioni che questo saggio offre ricorre spesso la parola “spazio” e non è un caso. Lo spazio delimita il modo in cui siamo nel mondo e in cui possiamo compiere le nostre azioni, pronunciare le nostre parole, incontrare gli altri come noi. Lo spazio è ciò che consente, limita e determina le possibilità della nostra esi-stenza, e siccome è spazio sempre condiviso, la sua natura è politica. Ragionare di educazione e formazione vuol dire, dunque, ragionare sugli strumenti che ci preparano ad abitare quello spazio politico. È per questo che i quattro ambiti di riflessione di cui si compone il saggio de-cidono di affrontare le urgenze della formazione a partire dal dibattito pubblico da cui quelle istanze partono e a cui la ricerca pedagogica deve fornire risposte e indirizzi. Che si tratti di un richiamo forte, motivato e quasi accorato alle politiche pub-bliche, affinché ritrovino la via maestra delle motivazioni democratiche che do-vrebbero sostenerle, altrimenti si disgrega ogni rete sociale, si frantuma ogni conquista di solidarietà e inclusione, e soprattutto si compie il misfatto più de-plorevole, quello di disperdere intelligenze e creatività; che si tratti di una visione lucida delle mancanze e delle opportunità della gestione scolastica nel nostro Paese, capace di mettere al centro la formazione dei formatori ancor prima dei formati; che si tratti di riaffermare uno spazio critico dell’educazione alla cittadi-956 Related paper

Estudio de los alcaloides presentes en la Bocconia Pearcei Hutchinson (Papaveraceae)

1- Se ha hecho una revisión de los alcaloides aisladosde las especies de Bocconia y Macleaya que han sido investigadas,así como de la química y la biogénesis de los alcaloides benzefenantridínicos. 2- Se investigaron las bases presentes en la raíz y eltallo de la Bocconia pearcei Hutch., única especie de este géneroexistente en nuestro país. De raíz y tallo de la misma se aislarony caracterizaron siete alcaloides, los cuales pertenecen a tres gruposquímicos diferentes: benzofenantridínicos (queleritrina, sanguinarinay quelirrubina), protopínicos (protopina y alocriptopina) yberberínicos (berberina y coptisina). Cuatro de estos alcaloides (sanguinarina, quelirrubina,berberina y coptisina) no habían sido descriptos anteriormente paraesta planta. Es este el primer caso de aislamiento de quelirrubina enespecies de este género, así como de alcaloides del grupo de la berberina,los cuales se han aislado en cambio, de las especies del género Macleaya el cual está estrechamente relacionado con el género Bocconia. Del tallo de B. pearcei Hutch. pudo aislarse además, encantidad muy pequeña otra base que da sales coloreadas, cuyo comportamiento es muy semejante al de un alcaloide aislado por Slavík (1963) de Platystemon californicus Benth. 3- Todos los alcaloides aislados (con excepción de la quelirrubinacuya estructura es desconocida), poseen la misma distribución de los sustituyentes oxigenados y los grupos metilo y metilenose encuentran siempre unidos a oxígenos colocados en la mismaposición del esqueleto carbonado, dando lugar, de esta manera, ados grupos de bases cuyo tipo de sustitución es idéntico: queleritrina,alocriptopina y barberina por un lado, y sanguinarina, protopinay coptisina por otro. (Al agruparlas en esta forma se hatenido presente el reordenamiento sufrido por los alcaloides benzofenantridínicos). 4- Se han determinado los espectros de resonancia magnéticanuclear de los cloruros de queleritrina y sanguinarina asícomo el del pseudo cianuro de queleritrina. Mediante el cálculo delos índices de carga para la molécula del cloruro de sanguinarinase realizó una asignación de señales para todos los protones aromáticosde los cloruros cuaternarios y para los protones pertenecientesa los sustituyentes.Fil: Labriola, Rafael A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

A large ongoing outbreak of hepatitis A predominantly affecting young males in Lazio, Italy; August 2016 - March 2017

The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is mainly transmitted through the faecal-oral route. In industrialized countries HAV infection generally occurs as either sporadic cases in travelers from endemic areas, local outbreak within closed/semi-closed population and as foodborne community outbreak. Recently, an increasing number of HAV infection clusters have been reported among young men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM). The Lazio Regional Service for the epidemiology and control for infectious diseases (SeRESMI) has noticed an increase of acute hepatitis A (AHA) since September 2016. Temporal analysis carried out with a discrete Poisson model using surveillance data between January 2016 and March 2017 evidenced an ongoing outbreak of AHA that started at the end of August. Molecular investigation carried out on 130 out of 513 cases AHA reported until March 2017 suggests that this outbreak is mainly supported by an HAV variant which is currently spreading within MSM communities across Europe (VRD_521_2016). The report confirms that AHA is an emerging issue among MSM. In addition through the integration of standard (case based) surveillance with molecular investigation we could discriminate, temporally concomitant but epidemiologically unrelated, clusters due to different HAV variants. As suggested by the WHO, in countries with low HAV circulation, vaccination programmes should be tailored on the local epidemiological patterns to prevent outbreaks among high risk groups and eventual spillover of the infection in the general population

A method for generating a quasi-linear convective system suitable for observing system simulation experiments

To understand the impact of different assimilated observations on convection-allowing model forecast skill, a diverse range of observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) case studies are required (different storm modes and environments). Many previous convection-allowing OSSEs predicted the evolution of an isolated supercell generated via a warm air perturbation in a horizontally homogenous environment. This study introduces a new methodology in which a quasi-linear convective system is generated in a highly sheared and modestly unstable environment. Wind, temperature, and moisture perturbations superimposed on a horizontally homogeneous environment simulate a cold front that initiates an organized storm system that spawns multiple mesovortices. Mature boundary layer turbulence is also superimposed onto the initial environment to account for typical convective-scale uncertainties. Creating an initial forecast ensemble remains a challenge for convection-allowing OSSEs because mesoscale uncertainties are difficult to quantify and represent. The generation of the forecast ensemble is described in detail. The forecast ensemble is initialized by 24 h full-physics simulations (e.g., radiative forcing, surface friction, and microphysics). The simulations assume different surface conditions to alter surface moisture and heat fluxes and modify the effects of friction. The subsequent forecast ensemble contains robust non-Gaussian errors that persist until corrected by the data assimilation system. This purposely degraded initial forecast ensemble provides an opportunity to assess whether assimilated environmental observations can improve, e.g., the wind profile. An example OSSE suggests that a combination of radar and conventional (surface and soundings) observations are required to produce a skilled quasi-linear convective system forecast, which is consistent with real-world case studies. The OSSE framework introduced in this study will be used to understand the impact of assimilated environmental observations on forecast skill.</p