The effect of Farmayod on nematodes of different trophic groups <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of Farmayod on nematodes of different trophic groups, including rootknot nematode larvae, in vitro and in vivo.Materials and methods. The object of the research were larvae of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita obtained from the roots of infected plants from the Vladimir Region. The study of the effect of Farmayod in three concentrations was carried out in laboratory, using the biotest method on pumpkin plants. The effect of liquid Farmayod on the viability of nematodes of different trophic groups was studied in vitro and in vivo.Results and discussion. Liquid 0.1% Farmayod showed phytotoxicity, and not a single plant germinated. The drug in the form of a 0.01% solution showed phytotoxicity but to a lesser extent. The root system was less developed (60%) than in the control. The plant height was also 15% less. Farmayod at a concentration of 0.01% did not have phytotoxicity and reduced meloidoginosis versus the control. The biological efficacy of such dose was 56% higher, and the plant height was 30% more. The drug at a concentration of 0.01% had no effect on the plants damaged by meloidoginosis due to its phytotoxicity and poorly developed root system of the plants versus the control. Thus, at low concentrations, Farmayod acts on plants as a trace element necessary for plant vegetation, which affected the size of the plant. On the other hand, it can significantly reduce the infection of pumpkin roots with root-knot nematodes. Since this concentration is not toxic to nematodes, it can be assumed that the drug affects the nematode indirectly through the plant

Действие препарата фармайод на нематод разных трофических групп in vitro и in vivo

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of Farmayod on nematodes of different trophic groups, including rootknot nematode larvae, in vitro and in vivo.Materials and methods. The object of the research were larvae of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita obtained from the roots of infected plants from the Vladimir Region. The study of the effect of Farmayod in three concentrations was carried out in laboratory, using the biotest method on pumpkin plants. The effect of liquid Farmayod on the viability of nematodes of different trophic groups was studied in vitro and in vivo.Results and discussion. Liquid 0.1% Farmayod showed phytotoxicity, and not a single plant germinated. The drug in the form of a 0.01% solution showed phytotoxicity but to a lesser extent. The root system was less developed (60%) than in the control. The plant height was also 15% less. Farmayod at a concentration of 0.01% did not have phytotoxicity and reduced meloidoginosis versus the control. The biological efficacy of such dose was 56% higher, and the plant height was 30% more. The drug at a concentration of 0.01% had no effect on the plants damaged by meloidoginosis due to its phytotoxicity and poorly developed root system of the plants versus the control. Thus, at low concentrations, Farmayod acts on plants as a trace element necessary for plant vegetation, which affected the size of the plant. On the other hand, it can significantly reduce the infection of pumpkin roots with root-knot nematodes. Since this concentration is not toxic to nematodes, it can be assumed that the drug affects the nematode indirectly through the plant.Цель исследований – изучить действие препарата фармайод на нематод разных трофических групп, в том числе на личинок галловых нематод, in vitro и in vivo.Материалы и методы. Объектом исследований были личинки галловой нематоды Meloidogyne incognita с корней зараженных растений из Владимирской области. Изучение влияния препарата фармайод в трех концентрациях проводили в лабораторных условиях, методом биотеста на растениях тыквы. Влияние жидкого фармайода на жизнеспособность нематод разных трофических групп изучали в условиях in vitro и in vivo.Результаты и обсуждение. Жидкий фармайод в 0,1%-ной концентрации проявил фитотоксичность – ни одно растение не проросло. В форме 0,01%-ного раствора препарат проявил фитотоксичность, но в меньшей степени. Корневая система была менее развита (60%), чем в контроле. Высота растений также была меньше на 15%. Фармайод в концентрации 0,01% не обладал фитотоксичностью и снижал развитие мелойдогиноза по сравнению с контролем. Биологическая эффективность этой дозы была выше 56%, высота растений – больше на 30%. Препарат в концентрации 0,01% из-за своей фитотоксичности и слабо развитой корневой системы растений не оказал влияния на поражение растений мелойдогинозом по сравнению с контролем. Таким образом, в низких концентрациях фармайод действует на растения как необходимый для вегетации растений микроэлемент, что отразилось на размерах растения. С другой стороны, позволяет существенно снизить зараженность корней тыквы галловой нематодой. Поскольку данная концентрация не является токсичной для нематод, можно предположить, что препарат воздействует на нематоду опосредованно через растение

Mathematical treatment of adiabatic fast passage pulses for the computation of nuclear spin relaxation rates in proteins with conformational exchange

Although originally designed for broadband inversion and decoupling in NMR spectroscopy, recent methodological developments have introduced adiabatic fast passage (AFP) pulses into the field of protein dynamics. AFP pulses employ a frequency sweep, and have not only superior inversion properties with respect to offset effects, but they are also easily implemented into a pulse sequence. As magnetization is dragged from the +z to the −z direction, Larmor precession is impeded since magnetization becomes spin-locked, which is a potentially useful feature for the investigation of microsecond to millisecond dynamics. A major drawback of these pulses as theoretical prediction is concerned, however, results from their time-dependent offset: simulations of spin density matrices under the influence of a time-dependent Hamiltonian with non-commuting elements are costly in terms of computational time, rendering data analysis impracticable. In this paper we suggest several ways to reduce the computational time without compromising accuracy with respect to effects such as cross-correlated relaxation and modulation of the chemical shift

Efficacy of five ‘sporicidal’ surface disinfectants against Clostridioides difficile spores in suspension tests and 4-field tests

Background: A sporicidal surface disinfection is recommended both for the outbreak and the endemic setting but a comparative evaluation on the efficacy of ‘sporicidal’ surface disinfectants using suspension tests and 4-field tests has not been performed. Aim: To determine the efficacy of five ‘sporicidal’ surface disinfectants (three ready-to-use wipes (A, B, E), two concentrates (C, D) based on peroxides or aldehydes against C. difficile spores. Methods: The efficacy was determined under clean conditions using a suspension test and the 4-field test. Each test was performed in duplicate in two separate laboratories. Wipes were wrung to collect the solution for the suspension tests. Results: Product A (peracetic acid; 5 min), product C (peracetic acid; 2% solution in 15 min or 1% solution in 30 min) and product D (peracetic acid; only 2% solution in 15 min) were effective with at least a 4 log10-reduction of C. difficile spores in suspension and on surfaces. Product B (hydrogen peroxide) was not effective in suspension (0.9 log10 after 15 min; 3.2 log10 after 1 h) and on surfaces (2.8 log10 after 15 and 60 min). Product E based on glutaraldehyde, (ethylendioxy)dimethanol and DDAC demonstrated 0.9 log10 after 4 h in suspension and 4.5 log10 after 4 h on surfaces. Conclusions: Not all surface disinfectants with a sporicidal claim were effective against C. difficile spores in standardized suspension tests and in the 4-field test. In clinical practice preference should be given to products that reliably pass the efficacy criteria of both types of tests.Peer Reviewe

Эффективность препарата фармайод для обеззараживания почвы от золотистой картофельной нематоды

The purpose of the research is to study the possibility of Pharmaiod application for golden potato nematode (GPN) decontamination in soil.Materials and methods. The object of research was GPN population recovered with soil from the APF "Russia", Vladimir Region. Tubers of susceptible potato cultivar Sineglazka (hybrid 15555) were used. Experiment to evaluate treatment effects and rates of experimental powder and liquid forms of Pharmaiod was carried out in pots by biotesting.Results and discussion. The obtained data showed that GPN larvae in soil samples died post application of powder form of Pharmaiod at dose level of 0.5% and 1%. Following application of 0.1% Pharmaiod alive GPN larvae were found in separate cysts. Pharmaiod liquid form significantly reduced the number of GPN females on roots (biological efficiency - 96%). Liquid form (at dose level of 0.5% and 0.1%) and powder form (0.1%; 0.5%; 1%) of Pharmaiod appeared to be phytotoxic: the tubers did not germinate and did not form a root system.Цель исследований: изучить возможность применения препарата фармайод для обеззараживания почвы от золотистой картофельной нематоды (ЗКН).Материалы и методы. Объектом исследований была популяция ЗКН, привезенная вместе с почвой из АПФ «Россия» Владимирской области. Для исследований использовали клубни восприимчивого сорта картофеля Синеглазка (гибрид 15555). Изучение влияния обработок и нормы расхода экспериментальной порошковой и жидкой формы препарата фармайод проводили в горшках методом биотеста.Результаты и обсуждение. Результаты опыта показали, что личинки ЗКН в цистах, находившихся в почве, погибли после внесения порошковой формы препарата фармайод в дозе 0,5 и 1%. После внесения 0,1% фармайода в отдельных цистах были обнаружены живые личинки ЗКН. Жидкая форма препарата фармайод значительно снизила численность самок ЗКН на корнях (биологическая эффективность 96%). Жидкий (в дозе 0,5 и 0,1 %) и порошковый (0,1%; 0,5%; 1%) фармайод оказались фитотоксичными: клубни не проросли и не сформировали корневую систему

Species delimitation and biogeography of a southern hemisphere liverwort clade, Frullania subgenus Microfrullania (Frullaniaceae, Marchantiophyta)

Frullania subgenus Microfrullania is a clade of ca. 15 liverwort species occurring in Australasia, Malesia, and southern South America. We used combined nuclear and chloroplast sequence data from 265 ingroup accessions to test species circumscriptions and estimate the biogeographic history of the subgenus. With dense infra-specific sampling, we document an important role of long-distance dispersal in establishing phylogeographic patterns of extant species. At deeper time scales, a combination of phylogenetic analyses, divergence time estimation and ancestral range estimation were used to reject vicariance and to document the role of long-distance dispersal in explaining the evolution and biogeography of the clade across the southern Hemisphere. A backbone phylogeny for the subgenus is proposed, providing insight into evolution of morphological patterns and establishing the basis for an improved sectional classification of species within Microfrullania. Several species complexes are identified, the presence of two undescribed but genetically and morphologically distinct species is noted, and previously neglected names are discussed

100% complete assignment of non-labile 1H, 13C, and 15N signals for calcium-loaded calbindin D9k P43G

Here we present the 100% complete assignment chemical shift of non-labile 1H, 15N and 13C nuclei of Calbindin D9k P43G. The assignment includes all non-exchangeable side chain nuclei, including ones that are rarely reported, such as LysNζ as well as the termini. NMR experiments required to achieve truly complete assignments are discussed. To the best of our knowledge our assignments for Calbindin D9k extend beyond previous studies reaching near-completeness (Vis et al. in Biochem 33:14858–14870, 1994; Yamazaki et al. in J Am Chem Soc 116:6464–6465, 1994; Yamazaki et al. in Biochem 32:5656–5669, 1993b)

Underrepresentation of Elderly People in Randomised Controlled Trials. The Example of Trials of 4 Widely Prescribed Drugs

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the representation of elderly people in published reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We focused on trials of 4 medications--pioglitazone, rosuvastatin, risedronate, and valsartan-frequently used by elderly patients with chronic medical conditions. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We selected all reports of RCTs indexed in PubMed from 1966 to April 2008 evaluating one of the 4 medications of interest. Estimates of the community-based "on-treatment" population were from a national health insurance database (SNIIR-AM) covering approximately 86% of the population in France. From this database, we evaluated data claims from January 2006 to December 2007 for 1,958,716 patients who received one of the medications of interest for more than 6 months. Of the 155 RCT reports selected, only 3 studies were exclusively of elderly patients (2 assessing valsartan; 1 risedronate). In only 4 of 37 reports (10.8%) for pioglitazone, 4 of 22 (18.2%) for risedronate, 3 of 29 (10.3%) for rosuvastatine and 9 of 67 (13.4%) for valsartan, the proportion of patients aged 65 or older was within or above that treated in clinical practice. In 62.2% of the reports for pioglitazone, 40.9% for risedronate, 37.9% for rosuvastatine, and 70.2% for valsartan, the proportion of patients aged 65 or older was lower than half that in the treated population. The representation of elderly people did not differ by publication date or sample size. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients are poorly represented in RCTs of drugs they are likely to receive

New national and regional bryophyte records, 69

descripción no proporcionada por scopu

World checklist of hornworts and liverworts

A working checklist of accepted taxa worldwide is vital in achieving the goal of developing an online flora of all known plants by 2020 as part of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. We here present the first-ever worldwide checklist for liverworts (Marchantiophyta) and hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) that includes 7486 species in 398 genera representing 92 families from the two phyla. The checklist has far reaching implications and applications, including providing a valuable tool for taxonomists and systematists, analyzing phytogeographic and diversity patterns, aiding in the assessment of floristic and taxonomic knowledge, and identifying geographical gaps in our understanding of the global liverwort and hornwort flora. The checklist is derived from a working data set centralizing nomenclature, taxonomy and geography on a global scale. Prior to this effort a lack of centralization has been a major impediment for the study and analysis of species richness, conservation and systematic research at both regional and global scales. The success of this checklist, initiated in 2008, has been underpinned by its community approach involving taxonomic specialists working towards a consensus on taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution