846 research outputs found
The Fine-Structure of the Net-Circular Polarization in a Sunspot Penumbra
We present novel evidence for a fine structure observed in the net-circular
polarization (NCP) of a sunspot penumbra based on spectropolarimetric
measurements utilizing the Zeeman sensitive FeI 630.2 nm line. For the first
time we detect a filamentary organized fine structure of the NCP on spatial
scales that are similar to the inhomogeneities found in the penumbral flow
field. We also observe an additional property of the visible NCP, a
zero-crossing of the NCP in the outer parts of the center-side penumbra, which
has not been recognized before. In order to interprete the observations we
solve the radiative transfer equations for polarized light in a model penumbra
with embedded magnetic flux tubes. We demonstrate that the observed
zero-crossing of the NCP can be explained by an increased magnetic field
strength inside magnetic flux tubes in the outer penumbra combined with a
decreased magnetic field strength in the background field. Our results strongly
support the concept of the uncombed penumbra
Evidence synthesis on the occurrence, causes, consequences, prevention and management of bullying and harassment behaviours to inform decision making in the NHS
Background
Workplace bullying is a persistent problem in the NHS with negative implications for individuals, teams, and organisations. Bullying is a complex phenomenon and there is a lack of evidence on the best approaches to manage the problem.
Aims
Research questions
What is known about the occurrence, causes, consequences and management of bullying and inappropriate behaviour in the workplace?
Objectives
Summarise the reported prevalence of workplace bullying and inappropriate behaviour.
Summarise the empirical evidence on the causes and consequences of workplace bullying and inappropriate behaviour.
Describe any theoretical explanations of the causes and consequences of workplace bullying and inappropriate behaviour.
Synthesise evidence on the preventative and management interventions that address workplace bullying interventions and inappropriate behaviour.
Methods
To fulfil a realist synthesis approach the study was designed across four interrelated component parts:
Part 1: A narrative review of the prevalence, causes and consequences of workplace bullying
Part 2: A systematic literature search and realist review of workplace bullying interventions
Part 3: Consultation with international bullying experts and practitioners
Part 4: Identification of case studies and examples of good practic
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