Los aceites minerales pueden ser una alternativa al uso de acaricidas para el control de araña roja

Los aceites minerales pueden ser una alternativa muy interesante a los acaricidas para el control de la araña roja, Tetranychus urticae Koch, una plaga que actualmente está produciendo importantes daños en el cultivo de clementinas. Sin embargo, la información sobre la dosificación de estos productos y su eficacia sobre este fitófago es prácticamente inexistente. En este trabajo se evalúa en laboratorio la eficacia de cuatro productos comerciales, a cinco concentraciones diferentes, sobre huevos, protoninfas y adultos de T. urticae. Así mismo, se estudia cómo se depositan estos productos, con el fin de determinar una posible relación entre los parámetros que describen la deposición (recubrimiento, tamaño y densidad de los impactos) y la eficacia acaricida. El producto que produjo mayor área media de las deposiciones fue también el más eficaz para controlar a la araña roja en todos los estadios y con una menor concentración de producto comercial, alcanzando niveles de eficacia de 90-100 %. Los demás aceites consiguieron eficacias elevadas a partir de concentraciones al 1,5 -2,0 %. También se observó que al aumentar la concentración de producto comercial en el caldo, se incrementó el recubrimiento y el área media de los impactos. Los aceites minerales han mostrado un gran potencial para controlar la araña roja en condiciones de laboratorio. El siguiente paso será determinar su eficacia en condiciones de campoMineral oils could be an alternative to acaricides for the control of the red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, which causes major damage to clementine crops. However, the information on the appropriate dosage of these products and their effectiveness on this pest is practically non-existent. The effectiveness of four commercial mineral oil products (containing 81.49-85% oil) at 5 different concentrations (0.5 -2.0%) was evaluated in a laboratory study using eggs, protonymphs and adults of T. urticae. The study also investigated the deposition of the products to determine whether there was a possible relationship between deposition parameters (coating, size and density) and acaricidal efficacy. The product with the highest average deposition area was also the most effective in mite control at all stages of development, and reached 90-100% efficacy at a low concentration of product. The other 3 oils were also highly efficient at concentrations of 1.5-2%. Increasing concentration of the commercial product increased both coating and average area of impact. Mineral oils have proved to have a huge potential for the control or the red spider mite under laboratory conditions. The next step will be evaluating its efficacy under field conditions

Yield and Economic Results of Dif-ferent Mechanical Pruning Strategies on "Navel Foyos" Oranges in the Mediterranean Area

[EN] Pruning is one of the most manpower-consuming agricultural operations in citrus production.Mechanical pruning can help to reduce pruning time and costs. In order to obtain the knowledge of its effects on the important orange variety ¿Navel Foyos¿, several pruning strategies that include manual pruning and various intensities of mechanical pruning were tested for three years. The results showed that in ¿Navel Foyos¿ oranges, the mechanical pruning strategies did not affect the yield nor the size of the fruit in comparison with manual pruning. In conclusion, mechanical strategies are a potential alternative to manual pruning because they reduce the time necessary to prune and the pruning costs, thereby maintaining or even increasing the yield.This research was funded by (1) the project "Application of new technologies for a comprehensive strategy of mechanized citrus harvesting (CITRUSREC)" funded by the Spanish National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA) and the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain (project RTA2014-00025-C05-00), cofunded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); (2) the project of the Operative Group "Technological advances for modernization and sustainability in citrus production. (GO CITRUSTECH)" cofunded by the Agricultural European of Rural Developing-EAFRD (80%) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (20%); (3) the project "Engineering developments to ensure profitable, sustainable and competitive agriculture from farm to fork" cofinanced by the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA) and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). G.M. was a beneficiary of a scholarship for training and specialization of the European Social Fund (ESF).Chueca, P.; Mateu, G.; Garcerá, C.; Fonte, A.; Ortiz Sánchez, MC.; Torregrosa, A. (2021). Yield and Economic Results of Dif-ferent Mechanical Pruning Strategies on "Navel Foyos" Oranges in the Mediterranean Area. Agriculture. 11(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture1101008211211

Efficacy of standard and low drift nozzles for insecticide applications against Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) in citrus

Drift is especially critical when spraying fruit, vine and citrus orchards where pesticides are intensively used. In this context, cone low drift nozzles (LDN) intended for spraying tree crops, have been evaluated relating to cone standard nozzles (STN) in laboratory and deciduous fruit orchards (Van de Zande et al. 2012); (Planas et al., 2013)

Drift reduction of low drift nozzles in spraying citrus orchards

Drift is especially critical when spraying fruit, vine and citrus orchards where pesticides are intensively used. In this context, cone low drift nozzles (LDN) intended for spraying tree crops, have been evaluated relating to cone standard nozzles (STN) in laboratory and deciduous fruit orchards (Van de Zande et al. 2012); (Planas et al., 2013)

Efecto de boquillas de baja deriva y convencionales sobre la deriva y el control de Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) en cítricos

La deriva es la mayor fuente de contaminación durante los tratamientos fitosanitarios en cultivos arbóreos. Una de las tecnologías efectivas para su reducción es el uso de boquillas de baja deriva (LDN). Sin embargo, su uso podría afectar la eficacia de control. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de LDN sobre la deriva y la eficacia de los tratamientos fitosanitarios en el control de Aonidiella aurantii en cítricos frente a boquillas convencionales (STN). Para evaluar la deriva se realizó un ensayo siguiendo la metodología de la norma ISO 22866 en una parcela comercial de Clemenules. Para evaluar la eficacia se llevó a cabo un ensayo en una parcela comercial de Clemenules y se emplearon los siguientes productos: Reldan® E + Atominal® 10 EC, Reldan® E y aceite parafínico contra la primera, segunda y tercera generación respectivamente. En ambos casos las aplicaciones se realizaron con un volumen de caldo de aproximadamente 2500 L ha-1, empleando un turboatomizador. Se aplicó un tratamiento con boquillas STN Teejet de disco y núcleo, y otro con boquillas LDN Albuz modelo TVI, seleccionando en cada ensayo el diámetro adecuado para ajustar el volumen aplicado a las características de cada parcela. En el ensayo de eficacia también hubo un tratamiento Control (sin insecticidas). Los resultados mostraron que la boquilla LDN redujo en un 22.7% la deriva depositada. No se encontraron diferencias significativas de eficacia entre los tratamientos con LDN y STN, pero si entre estos y el Control. Por lo tanto, se deduce de este trabajo que las boquillas LDN son la solución para reducir la deriva en tratamientos contra A. auranti en cítricos sin comprometer la eficacia

An Atlas of the Thioredoxin Fold Class Reveals the Complexity of Function-Enabling Adaptations

The group of proteins that contain a thioredoxin (Trx) fold is huge and diverse. Assessment of the variation in catalytic machinery of Trx fold proteins is essential in providing a foundation for understanding their functional diversity and predicting the function of the many uncharacterized members of the class. The proteins of the Trx fold class retain common features—including variations on a dithiol CxxC active site motif—that lead to delivery of function. We use protein similarity networks to guide an analysis of how structural and sequence motifs track with catalytic function and taxonomic categories for 4,082 representative sequences spanning the known superfamilies of the Trx fold. Domain structure in the fold class is varied and modular, with 2.8% of sequences containing more than one Trx fold domain. Most member proteins are bacterial. The fold class exhibits many modifications to the CxxC active site motif—only 56.8% of proteins have both cysteines, and no functional groupings have absolute conservation of the expected catalytic motif. Only a small fraction of Trx fold sequences have been functionally characterized. This work provides a global view of the complex distribution of domains and catalytic machinery throughout the fold class, showing that each superfamily contains remnants of the CxxC active site. The unifying context provided by this work can guide the comparison of members of different Trx fold superfamilies to gain insight about their structure-function relationships, illustrated here with the thioredoxins and peroxiredoxins

Actividad osmorreguladora en branquias de Artemia

Demostración de la existencia de zonas especializadas en el transporte de cloruro en Artemia parthenogenética.produccion: Departamento Biología Funciona