Local Voids as the Origin of Large-angle Cosmic Microwave Background Anomalies: The Effect of a Cosmological Constant

We explore the large angular scale temperature anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) due to homogeneous local dust-filled voids in a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe with a cosmological constant. In comparison with the equivalent dust-filled void model in the Einstein-de Sitter background, we find that the anisotropy for compensated asymptotically expanding local voids can be larger because second-order effects enhance the linear integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect. However, for local voids that expand sufficiently faster than the asymptotic velocity of the wall, the second-order effect can suppress the fluctuation due to the linear ISW effect. A pair of quasi-linear compensated asymptotic local voids with radius (2-3)*10^2 ~h^{-1} Mpc and a matter density contrast ~-0.3 can be observed as cold spots with a temperature anisotropy Delta T/T~O(10^{-5}) that might help explain the observed large-angle CMB anomalies. We predict that the associated anisotropy in the local Hubble constant in the direction of the voids could be as large as a few percent.Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures, version accepted for publication in ApJ with minor revisio

Pollutant content in marine debris and characterization by thermal decomposition

Marine debris (MDs) produces a wide variety of negative environmental, economic, safety, health and cultural impacts. Most marine litter has a very low decomposition rate (plastics), leading to a gradual accumulation in the coastal and marine environment. Characterization of the MDs has been done in terms of their pollutant content: PAHs, ClBzs, ClPhs, BrPhs, PCDD/Fs and PCBs. The results show that MDs is not a very contaminated waste. Also, thermal decomposition of MDs materials has been studied in a thermobalance at different atmospheres and heating rates. Below 400–500 K, the atmosphere does not affect the thermal degradation of the mentioned waste. However, at temperatures between 500 and 800 K the presence of oxygen accelerates the decomposition. Also, a kinetic model is proposed for the combustion of the MDs, and the decomposition is compared with that of their main constituents, i.e., polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), nylon and polyethylene-terephthalate (PET).Support for this work was provided by the CTQ2016-76608-R project from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spain) and the PROMETEOII/2014/007 project from the Valencian Community Government (Spain). The author also thanks the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (Spain) for a Ph.D. grant (BES-2014-069473)

Marine debris occurrence and treatment: A review

Marine debris produces a wide variety of negative environmental, economic, safety, health and cultural impacts. Most marine litter has a very low decomposition rate (as plastics, which are the most abundant type of marine debris), leading to a gradual, but significant accumulation in the coastal and marine environment. Along that time, marine debris is a significant source of chemical contaminants to the marine environment. Once extracted from the water, incineration is the method most widely used to treat marine debris. Other treatment methods have been tested, but they still need some improvement and so far have only been used in some countries. Several extraction and collection programs have been carried out. However, as marine debris keep entering the sea, these programs result insufficient and the problem of marine debris will continue its increase. The present work addresses the environmental impact and social aspects of the marine debris, with a review of the state of the art in the treatments of this kind of waste, together with an estimation of the worldwide occurrence and characteristics.Support for this work was provided Spanish Ministry of Culture and Sport and by the CTQ2013-41006-R project from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spain) and the PROMETEOII/2014/007 project from the Valencian Community Government (Spain)

A fluid-structure solver for confined microcapsule flows

We present a fluid-structure coupling method designed to study capsules flowing in a confined environment. The fluid solver is based on the Finite Volume Method and is coupled to a Finite Elements solid solver using the Immersed Boundary Method. We study the relaxation of a spherical capsule, initially deformed into an ellipsoid, and released in a square cross-section channel within a quiescent fluid environment. We perform a convergence study in order to validate the numerical method and consider the effect of the inertial forces on the capsule relaxation

Microplastics in Honey, Beer, Milk and Refreshments in Ecuador as Emerging Contaminants

According to the latest research, marine products have the greatest potential for microplastic (MPs) contamination. Therefore, their presence in terrestrial food has not managed to attract much attention—despite the fact that in the future they may represent a serious environmental risk. Research conducted in Europe and the US has indicated the presence of MPs in tap water, bottled water, table salt, honey, beer and snails for human consumption. The presence of MPs in food has not yet been evaluated in Latin America. This work focused on evaluating two widely consumed beverages: milk and soft drinks. Furthermore, honey and beer samples were analyzed and compared to findings in the literature. All products were sourced in Ecuador. In order to determine correlations with the intensity of anthropogenic activity, samples of both industrially processed and craft products were studied. For the analysis, an improvement of previous techniques used to determine MPs in honey was applied. This technique uses microfiltration followed by degradation of organic matter with hydrogen peroxide—and finally, continuous rinsing with deionized water. Size ranges were established between 0.8–200 mm. The number of microplastics found was between 10 and 100 MPs/L, with an average of around 40 MPs/L. The sizes of the particles found in the study are in the range of 13.45 and 6742.48 μm for the fibers, and between 2.48 and 247.54 μm for the fragments. From the composition analysis carried out with FTIR, we were able to confirm the presence of 12% of microplastic. The results generally showed a greater presence of MPs compared to those registered in Europe, probably due to processing methods rather than environmental pollution. Regarding composition, the main microplastics found were polyethylene, polypropylene and polyacrylamide.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Grant Number CTQ2016-76608-R

Integration of social aspects in decision support, based on life cycle thinking

Recently increasing attention has been paid to complementing environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with social aspects. The paper discusses the selection of social impacts and indicators from existing frameworks like Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) and Social Impact Assessment (SIA). Two ongoing case studies, addressing sustainability assessment within decision support, were considered: (1) Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Indonesia; and (2) Integrated Packaging Waste Management in Spain and Portugal (FENIX). The focus was put on social impacts occurring due to decisions within these systems, such as choice of technologies, practices or suppliers. Thus, decision makers—here understood as intended users of the studies’ results—are not consumers that buy (or do not buy) a product, such as in recent SLCA case-studies, but mainly institutions that decide about the design of the water or packaging waste management system. Therefore, in the FENIX project, a list of social impacts identified from literature was sent to the intended users to be ranked according to their priorities. Finally, the paper discusses to what extent the entire life cycle is reflected in SLCA impact categories and indicators, and explains how both life-cycle and on-site-related social impacts were chosen to be assessed. However, not all indicators in the two projects will assess all stages of the life cycle, because of their varying relevance in the different stages, data availability and practical interest of decision makers

Some Unique Constants Associated with Extremal Black Holes

In recent papers we had developed a unified picture of black hole entropy and curvature which was shown to lead to Hawking radiation. It was shown that for any black hole mass, holography implies a phase space of just one quantum associated with the interior of the black hole. Here we study extremal rotating and charged black holes and obtain unique values for ratios of angular momentum to entropy, charge to entropy, etc. It turns out that these ratios can be expressed in terms of fundamental constants in nature, having analogies with other physical systems, like in condensed matter physics.Comment: "Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Science" 4 pages, 10 equation

Heavy metals, PAHs and POPs in recycled polyethylene samples of agricultural, post-commercial, post-industrial and post-consumer origin

In the present work, recycled polyethylene (LDPE) samples of agricultural, post-commercial, post-industrial and post-consumer origin were selected and analysed. The analysis comprised the determination of different contaminants such as metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxin-like biphenyl polychlorides (PCBs), and polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs). A comparison with one sample of virgin plastic (unrecycled) was performed. The study aimed at stressing the importance of this type of analysis in recycled plastics. Indeed, such an examination will determine the material’s final destination, and the possible origin of the pollutants analysed is investigated. Black post-industrial and post-consumer samples presented the highest concentration of PCBs and PCDD/Fs, attaining a maximum value of 2.40 pg WHO-TEQ/g, while the least toxic sample (post-commercial) presented a toxicity of 0.38 pg WHO-TEQ/g. PAHs content was also much higher in black samples, reaching 514.41 ng/g, while the lowest concentrations were obtained for the post-commercial plastic sample, which did not exceed 38.98 ng/g. The higher PAHs concentrations in the black samples were related to the carbon black content of the black samples, which was 2.00% for black post-industrial sample and 1.51% for post-consumer sample. The PCDD/Fs congener profile observed in almost all samples was very similar to the profile found in the literature on urban air samples, indicating that the plastic is mainly influenced by the environment. The presence of some metals (mainly copper) showed a slight correlation with PCDD/Fs content. The pollutants analysed were found to be significantly reduced during the cleaning processes that are generally carried out in recycling companies.This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain) [grant number PID2019-105359RB-I00], and by the University of Alicante [grant number UAUSTI21-03]

Mediterranean Long Shelf-Life Landraces: An Untapped Genetic Resource for Tomato Improvement

[EN] The Mediterranean long shelf-life (LSL) tomatoes are a group of landraces with a fruit remaining sound up to 6¿12 months after harvest. Most have been selected under semi-arid Mediterranean summer conditions with poor irrigation or rain-fed and thus, are drought tolerant. Besides the convergence in the latter traits, local selection criteria have been very variable, leading to a wide variation in fruit morphology and quality traits. The different soil characteristics and agricultural management techniques across the Mediterranean denote also a wide range of plant adaptive traits to different conditions. Despite the notorious traits for fruit quality and environment adaptation, the LSL landraces have been poorly exploited in tomato breeding programs, which rely basically on wild tomato species. In this review, we describe most of the information currently available for Mediterranean LSL landraces in order to highlight the importance of this genetic resource. We focus on the origin and diversity, the main selective traits, and the determinants of the extended fruit shelf-life and the drought tolerance. Altogether, the Mediterranean LSL landraces are a very valuable heritage to be revalued, since constitutes an alternative source to improve fruit quality and shelf-life in tomato, and to breed for more resilient cultivars under the predicted climate change conditions.This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727929 (TOMRES), No 634561 (TRADITOM) and No 679796 (TomGEM). Research has been also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) project AGL2013-42364-R (TOMDRO), and the Government of the Balearic Islands grants BIA20/07, BIA07/08, BIA09/12 and AAEE56/2015. 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CMB anisotropy: deviations from Gaussianity due to non-linear gravity

Non-linear evolution of cosmological energy density fluctuations triggers deviations from Gaussianity in the temperature distribution of the cosmic microwave background. A method to estimate these deviations is proposed. N-body simulations -- in a $\Lambda$CDM cosmology -- are used to simulate the strongly non-linear evolution of cosmological structures. It is proved that these simulations can be combined with the potential approximation to calculate the statistical moments of the CMB anisotropies produced by non-linear gravity. Some of these moments are computed and the resulting values are different from those corresponding to Gaussianity.Comment: 6 latex pages with mn.sty, 3 eps figures. Accepted in MNRA