Expression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis for Different Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Young Populations

INTRODUCTION: Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is considered an early marker for atherosclerosis, but there are few studies on the expression of this marker in younger populations. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cIMT in younge patients (aged 30-50 years) and its expression according to cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: We analyzed individuals admitted for an invasive cardiac procedure. Normal cIMT was defined as 1.50 mm. Lipid profile, anthropometric parameters, fasting blood glucose and estimated GFR were also determined. RESULTS: A total of 106 patients were included (59% male), with a mean age of 43 +/- 5 years, 36% with hypertension, 22% smokers, 32% with known hyperlipidemia, 16% with diabetes, 39% under statin therapy and 40% with metabolic syndrome (AHA/NHLBI definition). Mean cIMT was 0.69 +/- 0.26 mm, and was normal in 74% of the patients, thickened in 20% and with atherosclerotic plaques in 6%. cIMT correlated directly with age (r = 0.26, p = 0.007), log fasting glucose (r = 0.21, p = 0.04), and log triglycerides (r = 0.24, p = 0.017), and tended to correlate with the number of components of metabolic syndrome (r = 0.17, p = 0.08). However, on multivariate analysis, only age remained as an independent predictor (r = 0.29, p = 0.005). Diabetic patients had greater cIMT (0.81 +/- 0.22 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.26 mm, p = 0.039) and there was a trend for greater cIMT in those with metabolic syndrome (0.75 +/- 0.29 vs. 0.66 +/- 0.23 mm, p = 0.09). There were no differences for the other risk factors, A higher number of risk factors in a single patient showed a trend for increased cIMT (p = 0.083) CONCLUSIONS: Age is the only independent determinant of cIMT in a young population. Diabetic patients have greater cIMT and a trend was seen in those with metabolic syndrome, possibly influenced by its relation with diabetes, one of the components of the metabolic syndrome

O Paradoxo dos Fumadores nas Síndromes Coronárias Agudas: Será Real?

INTRODUCTION: Smoking is associated with atherosclerotic disease, but there is controversy about its protective nature after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of smoking on the presentation, treatment and outcome of ACS. METHODS: We analyzed all consecutive patients with ACS in a single center between 2005 and 2014. Current smokers and never-smokers were compared. Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality and of a composite of all-cause mortality, rehospitalization for cardiovascular causes, angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 2727 patients were included, 41.7% current smokers and 58.3% never-smokers. Current smokers were younger, more often male, had fewer comorbidities, a typical clinical presentation, lower heart rate, systolic blood pressure, Killip class, BNP/NT-pro-BNP and creatinine, better left ventricular systolic function and less severe coronary anatomy. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction was more common in current smokers. Current smokers received more evidence-based treatments and had less in-hospital complications, in-hospital mortality and adverse outcomes at one year. More frequent percutaneous coronary intervention at one year was noted in current smokers. Smoking was not an independent predictor of outcome when the multivariate model was fully adjusted for baseline characteristics. CONCLUSION: The smoker's paradox was not observed in this population, since all differences in outcome were explained by smokers' more benign baseline characteristics.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Impact of Age on Treatment and Outcomes After Acute Myocardial Infarction, Particularly in Very Elderly Patients

INTRODUCTION: The elderly population admitted for acute myocardial infarction is increasing. This group is not well studied in international trials and is probably treated with a more conservative approach. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the presentation and treatment of myocardial infarction according to age, particularly in very elderly patients. METHODS: We studied 1242 consecutive patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction, assessing in-hospital, 30-day and one-year mortality during follow-up for each age-group. Patients were divided into four groups according to age: <45 years (7.6%); 45-64 years (43.3%); 65-74 years (23.4%); and ≥75 years (25.7%). RESULTS: Elderly patients had a worse risk profile (except for smoking), more previous history of coronary disease and a worse profile on admission, with the exception of lipid profile, which was more favorable. With regard to treatment of the elderly, although less optimized than in other age-groups, it was significantly better compared to other registries, including for percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Both complications and mortality were worse in the older groups. In elderly patients (≥75 years), adjusted risk of mortality was 4.9-6.3 times higher (p<0.001) than patients in the reference age-group (45-64 years). In these patients, the independent predictors of death were left ventricular function and renal function, use of beta-blockers being a predictor of survival. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients represent a substantial proportion of the population admitted with myocardial infarction, and receive less evidenced-based therapy. Age is an independent predictor of short- and medium-term mortality

How to break access control in a controlled manner

The Electronic Medical Record (EMR) integrates heterogeneous information within a Healthcare Institution stressing the need for security and access control. The Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Department from Porto Faculty of Medicine has recently implemented a Virtual EMR (VEMR) in order to integrate patient information and clinical reports within a university hospital. With more than 500 medical doctors using the system on a daily basis, an access control policy and model were implemented. However, the healthcare environment has unanticipated situations (i.e. emergency situations) where access to information is essential. Most traditional policies do not allow for overriding. A policy that allows for Break-The-Glass (BTG) was implemented in order to override access control whilst providing for non-repudiation mechanisms for its usage. The policy was easily integrated within the model confirming its modularity and the fact that user intervention in defining security procedures is crucial to its successful implementation and use

Adherence to Guidelines in the Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndromes: Progress Over Time

Introdução: O tratamento das Síndromes Coronárias Agudas (SCA) sofreu várias alterações muito rápidas nos últimos anos, traduzido nas múltiplas propostas de recomendações pelo ACC/AHA/ESC, baseados na evidência clínica. Avaliamos a implementação destas recomendações, comparando uma população de doentes de 2002, com uma população de 2005. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 368 doentes admitidos em 2002 e 420 doentes admitidos em 2005 por SCA (com e sem elevação do segmento ST). Analisaram-se características clínicas e estratégias de tratamento. Resultados: Não se verificaram diferenças em termos de idade, sexo masculino, factores de risco para doença coronária ou história prévia de revascularização miocárdica. Verificou-se uma redução de doentes com antecedentes de enfarte do miocárdico e insuficiência renal e aumento da apresentação como enfarte com elevação do segmento ST. O tratamento com clopidogrel (6% versus 87%), bloqueador-beta(54% versus 79%), inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina (72% versus 84%) e estatinas (78% versus 91%) aumentou (para todos p<0,001). Por outro lado, verificou-se um pequeno decréscimo na utilização de ácido acetilsalicílico (98% versus 95%, p=0,039) (com maior utilização de clopidogrel) e a ticlopidina deixou de ser utilizada (46% versus 0%, p<0,001). Os antagonistas dos receptores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa não se alteraram significativamente (66% versus 67%, p=NS). Aumentaram as intervenções coronárias percutâneas (53% versus 67%, p<0,001). Não se verificou diferença em termos de mortalidade hospitalar (8,2% versus 6,4%) e aos 30 dias (9,0% versus. 8,6%), com redução ao 1ºano de seguimento (17,1% versus 11,7%, p=0,039). As estatinas e os bloqueadores beta são preditores independentes de mortalidade, com efeito de protecção. Conclusões: Entre 2002 e 2005, o tratamento das SCA melhorou significativamente de acordo com as recomendações existentes, traduzindo-se numa melhoria da mortalidade ao 1º ano de seguimento