116 research outputs found
1,2-Cycloaddition reactions of dihalocarbenes (CCl2, :CBr2, CF3 CCI) to some π-bonded organosilanes under phase transfer catalytic conditions
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Processing of Oak Ridge Mixed Waste Labpacks
The Oak Ridge Site Treatment Plan (STP) issued under a Tennessee Commissioner's Order includes a compliance milestone related to treatment of mixed waste labpacks on the Oak Ridge sites. The treatment plan was written and approved in Fiscal Year 1997. The plan involved approximately 1,100 labpacks and 7,400 on-the-shelf labpackable items stored at three Department of Energy (DOE) sites on the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR). The labpacks and labpack items consist of liquids and solids with various chemical constituents and radiological concerns. The waste must be processed for shipment to a commercial hazardous waste treatment facility or treatment utilizing a Broad Spectrum mixed waste treatment contract. This paper will describe the labpack treatment plan that was developed as required by the Site Treatment Plan and the operations implemented to process the labpack waste. The paper will discuss the labpack inventory in the treatment plan, treatment and disposal options, processing strategies, project risk assessment, and current project status
A feasibility study of dating Indo-Gangatic alluvium using thermoluminescence and infrared-stimulated luminescence techniques
Results of a successful maiden attempt to date the Indo-Gangetic alluvium using the luminescence dating technique are presented. The low equivalent dose for the surface sample indicates that these samples had experienced a solar resetting of geologically acquired luminescence. The infrared stimulated luminescence ages on other terraces range from ~ 2 to 15 ka and are stratigraphically consistent
Policy of foreign direct investment liberalisation in India: implications for retail sector
This study has analysed the impact of liberalisation of Indian economy and FDI policy on the retail sector since its implementation in the 1990s. It also further analyses sub-categories by investigating its impact on the unorganised retail sector and the flow of FDI in single-brand retail and multi-brand retail sectors. A comprehensive and critical review of the existing evidence on the subject was carried out, and descriptive statistical analysis of data from 1991 to 2013 was performed which leads to conclude that the policy of FDI liberalisation has proved to provide diversification and sustainable development to the Indian economy and specifically retail sector which is considered to be one of the significant pillars of economy. Furthermore, for continuous growth of the economy, it seems vital to encourage more investment in other sectors by liberalising the restrictive policies
VERTICO VI: Cold-gas asymmetries in Virgo cluster galaxies
We analyze cold-gas distributions in Virgo cluster galaxies using resolved
CO(2-1) (tracing molecular hydrogen, H2) and HI observations from the Virgo
Environment Traced In CO (VERTICO) and the VLA Imaging of Virgo in Atomic Gas
(VIVA) surveys. From a theoretical perspective, it is expected that
environmental processes in clusters will have a stronger influence on diffuse
atomic gas compared to the relatively dense molecular gas component, and that
these environmental perturbations can compress the cold interstellar medium in
cluster galaxies leading to elevated star formation. In this work we
observationally test these predictions for star-forming satellite galaxies
within the Virgo cluster. We divide our Virgo galaxy sample into HI-normal,
HI-tailed, and HI-truncated classes and show, unsurprisingly, that the
HI-tailed galaxies have the largest quantitative HI asymmetries. We also
compare to a control sample of non-cluster galaxies and find that Virgo
galaxies, on average, have HI asymmetries that are 40 +/- 10 per cent larger
than the control. There is less separation between control, HI-normal,
HI-tailed, and HI-truncated galaxies in terms of H2 asymmetries, and on
average, Virgo galaxies have H2 asymmetries that are only marginally (20 +/- 10
per cent) larger than the control sample. We find a weak correlation between HI
and H2 asymmetries over our entire sample, but a stronger correlation for those
specific galaxies being strongly impacted by environmental perturbations.
Finally, we divide the discs of the HI-tailed Virgo galaxies into a leading
half and trailing half according to the observed tail direction. We find
evidence for excess molecular gas mass on the leading halves of the disc. This
excess molecular gas on the leading half is accompanied by an excess in star
formation rate such that the depletion time is, on average, unchanged.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in A&
VERTICO VII: Environmental quenching caused by suppression of molecular gas content and star formation efficiency in Virgo Cluster galaxies
We study how environment regulates the star formation cycle of 33 Virgo
Cluster satellite galaxies on 720 parsec scales. We present the first resolved
star-forming main sequence for cluster galaxies, dividing the sample based on
their global HI properties and comparing to a control sample of field galaxies.
HI-poor cluster galaxies have reduced star formation rate (SFR) surface
densities with respect to both HI-normal cluster and field galaxies (0.5 dex),
suggesting that mechanisms regulating the global HI content are responsible for
quenching local star formation. We demonstrate that the observed quenching in
HI-poor galaxies is caused by environmental processes such as ram pressure
stripping (RPS) simultaneously reducing molecular gas surface density and star
formation efficiency (SFE), compared to regions in HI-normal systems (by 0.38
and 0.22 dex, respectively). We observe systematically elevated SFRs that are
driven by increased molecular gas surface densities at fixed stellar mass
surface density in the outskirts of early-stage RPS galaxies, while SFE remains
unchanged with respect to the field sample. We quantify how RPS and starvation
affect the star formation cycle of inner and outer galaxy discs as they are
processed by the cluster. We show both are effective quenching mechanisms with
the key difference being that RPS acts upon the galaxy outskirts while
starvation regulates the star formation cycle throughout disc, including within
the truncation radius. For both processes, the quenching is caused by a
simultaneous reduction in molecular gas surface densities and SFE at fixed
stellar mass surface density.Comment: 17 pages, 1 table, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Ashwagandha Derived Withanone Targets TPX2-Aurora A Complex: Computational and Experimental Evidence to its Anticancer Activity
Cancer is largely marked by genetic instability. Specific inhibition of individual proteins or signalling pathways that regulate genetic stability during cell division thus hold a great potential for cancer therapy. The Aurora A kinase is a Ser/Thr kinase that plays a critical role during mitosis and cytokinesis and is found upregulated in several cancer types. It is functionally regulated by its interactions with TPX2, a candidate oncogene. Aurora A inhibitors have been proposed as anticancer drugs that work by blocking its ATP binding site. This site is common to other kinases and hence these inhibitors lack specificity for Aurora A inhibition in particular, thus advocating the need of some alternative inhibition route. Previously, we identified TPX2 as a cellular target for withanone that selectively kill cancer cells. By computational approach, we found here that withanone binds to TPX2-Aurora A complex. In experiment, withanone treatment to cancer cells indeed resulted in dissociation of TPX2-Aurora A complex and disruption of mitotic spindle apparatus proposing this as a mechanism of the anticancer activity of withanone. From docking analysis, non-formation/disruption of the active TPX2-Aurora A association complex could be discerned. Our MD simulation results suggesting the thermodynamic and structural stability of TPX2-Aurora A in complex with withanone further substantiates the binding. We report a computational rationale of the ability of naturally occurring withanone to alter the kinase signalling pathway in an ATP-independent manner and experimental evidence in which withanone cause inactivation of the TPX2-Aurora A complex. The study demonstrated that TPX2-Aurora A complex is a target of withanone, a potential natural anticancer drug
VERTICO V: The environmentally driven evolution of the inner cold gas discs of Virgo cluster galaxies
The quenching of cluster satellite galaxies is inextricably linked to the suppression of their cold interstellar medium (ISM) by environmental mechanisms. While the removal of neutral atomic hydrogen (H I) at large radii is well studied, how the environment impacts the remaining gas in the centres of galaxies, which are dominated by molecular gas, is less clear. Using new observations from the Virgo Environment traced in CO survey (VERTICO) and archival H I data, we study the H I and molecular gas within the optical discs of Virgo cluster galaxies on 1.2-kpc scales with spatially resolved scaling relations between stellar ( Σ⋆
), H I ( ΣHI
), and molecular gas ( Σmol
) surface densities. Adopting H I deficiency as a measure of environmental impact, we find evidence that, in addition to removing the H I at large radii, the cluster processes also lower the average ΣHI
of the remaining gas even in the central 1.2
kpc. The impact on molecular gas is comparatively weaker than on the H I, and we show that the lower Σmol
gas is removed first. In the most H I-deficient galaxies, however, we find evidence that environmental processes reduce the typical Σmol
of the remaining gas by nearly a factor of 3. We find no evidence for environment-driven elevation of ΣHI
or Σmol
in H I-deficient galaxies. Using the ratio of Σmol
-to- ΣHI
in individual regions, we show that changes in the ISM physical conditions, estimated using the total gas surface density and midplane hydrostatic pressure, cannot explain the observed reduction in molecular gas content. Instead, we suggest that direct stripping of the molecular gas is required to explain our results
VERTICO III. The Kennicutt-Schmidt relation in Virgo cluster galaxies
Aims. In this Virgo Environment Traced in CO (VERTICO) science paper, we aim to study how the star formation process depends on the galactic environment and gravitational interactions in the context of galaxy evolution. We explore the scaling relation between the star formation rate surface density (ΣSFR) and the molecular gas surface density (Σmol), also known as the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, in a subsample of Virgo cluster spiral galaxies.
Methods. We used new Atacama Compact Array and Total Power (ACA+TP) observations from the VERTICO-Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Large Program at 720 pc resolution to resolve the molecular gas content, as traced by the 12CO (2 − 1) transition, across the disks of 37 spiral galaxies in the Virgo cluster. In combination with archival UV and IR observations used to determine the star formation rate (SFR), we estimated the parameters of the Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) relation for the entire ensemble of galaxies, and within individual galaxies.
Results. We find the KS slope for the entire population to be N = 0.97 ± 0.07, with a characteristic molecular gas depletion time of 1.86 Gyr for our full sample, which is in agreement with previous work in isolated, nearby star-forming galaxies. In individual galaxies, we find that the KS slope ranges between 0.69 and 1.40, and that typical star formation efficiencies of molecular gas can vary from galaxy to galaxy by a factor of ∼4. These galaxy-to-galaxy variations account for ∼0.20 dex in scatter in the ensemble KS relation, which is characterized by a 0.42 dex scatter. In addition, we find that the HI-deficient galaxies in the Virgo cluster show a steeper resolved KS relation and lower molecular gas efficiencies than HI-normal cluster galaxies.
Conclusions. While the molecular gas content in galaxies residing in the Virgo cluster appears – to first order – to behave similarly to that in isolated galaxies, our VERTICO sample of galaxies shows that cluster environments play a key role in regulating star formation. The environmental mechanisms affecting the HI galaxy content also have a direct impact on the star formation efficiency of molecular gas in cluster galaxies, leading to longer depletion times in HI-deficient members
VERTICO VI: Cold-gas asymmetries in Virgo cluster galaxies
We analyse cold-gas distributions in Virgo cluster galaxies using resolved observations of CO(2-1), which traces molecular hydrogen (H2), and H
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