Study of the Formation Conditions of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles in an Overstressed Nanosecond Discharge Between Aluminum Electrodes in a Mixture of Nitrogen and Oxygen

The results of the study of oscillograms of voltage, current, pulsed electric power and energy input into the plasma of an overstressed nanosecond discharge between aluminum electrodes in argon and mixtures of nitrogen with oxygen (100-1) at pressures in the range of 13.3-103.3 kPa are presented, the emission plasma spectra are studied. It is shown that in mixtures of nitrogen with oxygen at atmospheric pressure, nanoparticles of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are formed, the luminescence of which manifests itself in the spectral range of 200-600 nm and which is associated with the formation of F-, F + - centers and more complex aggregate formations based on oxygen vacancies. Calculations of the electron-kinetic coefficients of plasma, transport characteristics, such as mean electron energies in the range 5.116-13.41 eV, are given. The electron concentration was 1.6 ∙ 1020 m-3 - 1.1 ∙ 1020 m-3 at a current density of 5.1 ∙ 106 A / m2 and l. 02 ∙ 107 A / m2 on the surface of the electrode of the radiation source (0.196 · 10-4 m2 ). Also drift velocities, temperatures and concentrations of electrons, specific losses of the discharge power for elastic and inelastic processes of collisions of electrons per unit of the total concentration of the mixture from the reduced electric field strength (E / N) for a mixture of aluminum, nitrogen, oxygen, rate constants of collisions of electrons with aluminum atoms on the E / N parameter in plasma on a mixture of aluminum vapor, oxygen and nitrogen = 30: 1000: 100000 Pa at a total mixture pressure of P = 101030 Pa are given

Features of the Segmental Formation of Ukrainian Politics Under Martial Law

The purpose of the study is to determine the format of the state policy of Ukraine in certain segments, considering the challenges of the legal regime of martial law by solving such research tasks as: defining measures of the legal regime of martial law and their praxeological significance for the formation of State Policy; Research Directions for reforming anti- corruption policy and their regulatory and institutional support; research on the state of policy transformation to ensure the rights of persons in places of deprivation of Liberty. The subject of the research is the priority vectors for certain segments of state policy, which are mediated by the action of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine. The quality of implementation and provision of the declared ideas of national security will be reflected in all spheres of public relations, so it is important not to form, but to implement a policy in the field of national security. It is primarily important to formally reflect it in the approved anti-corruption strategy for the relevant period without reservations about the introduction of martial law in the state for the formation of an anti-corruption policy. As for the tightening of anti-corruption measures, in fact, the introduction of martial law has led to the imposition of tougher sanctions. It is established that in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law, among the rights of persons in places of deprivation of Liberty, a prominent place is given to ensuring the right to evacuation. The article analyzes the institutional mechanism and legal basis for the evacuation of persons in places of deprivation of Liberty

Microvascular Dysfunction in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Pathophysiology, Assessment, Prevalence and Prognosis.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) currently accounts for approximately half of all new heart failure cases in the community. HFpEF is closely associated with chronic lifestyle-related diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, and clinical outcomes are worse in those with than without comorbidities. HFpEF is pathophysiologically distinct from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, which may explain, in part, the disparity of treatment options available between the two heart failure phenotypes. The mechanisms underlying HFpEF are complex, with coronary microvascular dysfunction (MVD) being proposed as a potential key driver in its pathophysiology. In this review, the authors highlight the evidence implicating MVD in HFpEF pathophysiology, the diagnostic approaches for identifying MVD (both invasive and non-invasive) and the prevalence and prognostic significance of MVD

Clinical and anatomic features of cleft lip and palate

Cleft lip and palate is the most common congenital anomaly, being the second in the structure of antenatal pathologies. It takes the first place among the anom alies of dento-facial development. The work presents the analysis of medical records of 2961 children with cleft lip and palate from their birth till 16 years old. In the structure of clinical forms more severe states prevail, these being cleft palates and com bined clefts, making up 72.8% .Врождённая расщелина нёба является наиболее часто встречающимся пороком развития человека и занимает в структуре антенатальной патологии второе место. Среди аномалий развития челюстно-лицевой области эта патология занимает первое место. В работе представлен анализ данных медицинской документации 2961 ребенка от рождения до 16 лет с врожденной расщелиной губы и неба. У детей с ВРГН в структуре клинических форм преобладали более тяжелые формы — врожденные расщелины нёба и комбинированные расщелины, что составило в сумме 72,8%

Citric acid wastewater as electron donor for biological sulfate reduction

Citrate-containing wastewater is used as electron donor for sulfate reduction in a biological treatment plant for the removal of sulfate. The pathway of citrate conversion coupled to sulfate reduction and the microorganisms involved were investigated. Citrate was not a direct electron donor for the sulfate-reducing bacteria. Instead, citrate was fermented to mainly acetate and formate. These fermentation products served as electron donors for the sulfate-reducing bacteria. Sulfate reduction activities of the reactor biomass with acetate and formate were sufficiently high to explain the sulfate reduction rates that are required for the process. Two citrate-fermenting bacteria were isolated. Strain R210 was closest related to Trichococcus pasteurii (99.5% ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence similarity). The closest relative of strain S101 was Veillonella montepellierensis with an rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.7%. Both strains had a complementary substrate range

Polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the human trigeminal ganglion and brainstem at prenatal and adult ages

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The polysialylated neuronal cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) is considered a marker of developing and migrating neurons and of synaptogenesis in the immature vertebrate nervous system. However, it persists in the mature normal brain in some regions which retain a capability for morphofunctional reorganization throughout life. With the aim of providing information relevant to the potential for dynamic changes of specific neuronal populations in man, this study analyses the immunohistochemical occurrence of PSA-NCAM in the human trigeminal ganglion (TG) and brainstem neuronal populations at prenatal and adult age.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Western blot analysis in human and rat hippocampus supports the specificity of the anti-PSA-NCAM antibody and the immunodetectability of the molecule in postmortem tissue. Immunohistochemical staining for PSA-NCAM occurs in TG and several brainstem regions during prenatal life and in adulthood. As a general rule, it appears as a surface staining suggestive of membrane labelling on neuronal perikarya and proximal processes, and as filamentous and dot-like elements in the neuropil. In the TG, PSA-NCAM is localized to neuronal perikarya, nerve fibres, pericellular networks, and satellite and Schwann cells; further, cytoplasmic perikaryal staining and positive pericellular fibre networks are detectable with higher frequency in adult than in newborn tissue. In the adult tissue, positive neurons are mostly small- and medium-sized, and amount to about 6% of the total ganglionic population. In the brainstem, PSA-NCAM is mainly distributed at the level of the medulla oblongata and pons and appears scarce in the mesencephalon. Immunoreactivity also occurs in discretely localized glial structures. At all ages examined, PSA-NCAM occurs in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, solitary nuclear complex, vestibular and cochlear nuclei, reticular formation nuclei, and most of the precerebellar nuclei. In specimens of different age, the distribution pattern remains fairly steady, whereas the density of immunoreactive structures and the staining intensity may change and are usually higher in newborn than in adult specimens.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results obtained show that, in man, the expression of PSA-NCAM in selective populations of central and peripheral neurons occurs not only during prenatal life, but also in adulthood. They support the concept of an involvement of this molecule in the structural and functional neural plasticity throughout life. In particular, the localization of PSA-NCAM in TG primary sensory neurons likely to be involved in the transmission of protopathic stimuli suggests the possible participation of this molecule in the processing of the relevant sensory neurotransmission.</p

Lack of an Antibacterial Response Defect in Drosophila Toll-9 Mutant

Toll and Toll-like receptors represent families of receptors involved in mediating innate immunity response in insects and mammals. Although Drosophila proteome contains multiple Toll paralogs, Toll-1 is, so far, the only receptor to which an immune role has been attributed. In contrast, every single mammalian TLR is a key membrane receptor upstream of the vertebrate immune signaling cascades. The prevailing view is that TLR-mediated immunity is ancient. Structural analysis reveals that Drosophila Toll-9 is the most closely related to vertebrate TLRs and utilizes similar signaling components as Toll-1. This suggests that Toll-9 could be an ancestor of TLR-like receptors and could have immune function. Consistently, it has been reported that over-expression of Toll-9 in immune tissues is sufficient to induce the expression of some antimicrobial peptides in flies. These results have led to the idea that Toll-9 could be a constitutively active receptor that maintain significant levels of antimicrobial molecules and therefore provide constant basal protection against micro-organisms. To test theses hypotheses, we generated and analyzed phenotypes associated with a complete loss-of-function allele of Toll-9. Our results suggest that Toll-9 is neither required to maintain a basal anti-microbial response nor to mount an efficient immune response to bacterial infection

Chromosomal Rearrangements Formed by rrn Recombination Do Not Improve Replichore Balance in Host-Specific Salmonella enterica Serovars

operons. One hypothesis explaining these rearrangements suggests that replichore imbalance introduced from horizontal transfer of pathogenicity islands and prophages drives chromosomal rearrangements in an attempt to improve balance.This hypothesis was directly tested by comparing the naturally-occurring chromosomal arrangement types to the theoretically possible arrangement types, and estimating their replichore balance using a calculator. In addition to previously characterized strains belonging to host-specific serovars, the arrangement types of 22 serovar Gallinarum strains was also determined. Only 48 out of 1,440 possible arrangement types were identified in 212 host-specific strains. While the replichores of most naturally-occurring arrangement types were well-balanced, most theoretical arrangement types had imbalanced replichores. Furthermore, the most common types of rearrangements did not change replichore balance.The results did not support the hypothesis that replichore imbalance causes these rearrangements, and suggest that the rearrangements could be explained by aspects of a host-specific lifestyle

PEDF and GDNF are key regulators of photoreceptor development and retinal neurogenesis in reaggregates from chick embryonic retina

Here, role(s) of pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on photoreceptor development in three-dimensional reaggregates from the retinae of the E6 chick embryo (rosetted spheroids) was investigated. Fully dispersed cells were reaggregated under serum-reduced conditions and supplemented with 50 ng/ml PEDF alone or in combination with 50 ng/ml GDNF. The spheroids were analyzed for cell growth, differentiation, and death using proliferating cell nuclear antigen, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling, and other immunocytochemical stainings and semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. PEDF strongly promoted synthesis of the messenger RNAs for blue and violet cone opsins and to a lesser extent on the red and green cone opsins. This correlated with an increase in the number of cone photoreceptors, as determined by the cone cell marker CERN906. Likewise, PEDF nearly completely inhibited rod differentiation, as detected by immunostaining with anti-rho4D2 and RT-PCR. Furthermore, PEDF accelerated proliferation of cells in the spheroids and inhibited apoptosis. As negative effects, PEDF inhibited the normal histotypic tissue formation of retinal aggregates and reduced the frequency of photoreceptor rosettes and IPL-like areas. Noticeably, supplementation of PEDF-treated cultures with GDNF reversed the effects of PEDF on spheroid morphology and on rod differentiation. This study establishes that PEDF strongly affects three-dimensional retinogenesis in vitro, most notably by inhibiting rod development and supporting proliferation and differentiation of cones, effects which are partially counteracted by GDNF