Torque-Limited Growth of Massive Black Holes in Galaxies Across Cosmic Time

We combine cosmological hydrodynamic simulations with analytic models to evaluate the role of galaxy-scale gravitational torques on the evolution of massive black holes at the centers of star-forming galaxies. We confirm and extend our earlier results to show that torque-limited growth yields black holes and host galaxies evolving on average along the Mbh-Mbulge relation from early times down to z = 0 and that convergence onto the scaling relation occurs independent of the initial conditions and with no need for mass averaging through mergers or additional self-regulation processes. Smooth accretion dominates the long-term evolution, with black hole mergers with mass ratios >1:5 representing typically a small fraction of the total growth. Winds from the accretion disk are required to eject significant mass to suppress black hole growth, but there is no need for coupling this wind to galactic-scale gas to regulate black holes in a non-linear feedback loop. Torque-limited growth yields a close-to-linear relation for the star formation rate and the black hole accretion rate averaged over galaxy evolution time scales. However, the SFR-AGN connection has significant scatter owing to strong variability of black hole accretion at all resolved time scales. Eddington ratios can be described by a broad lognormal distribution with median value evolving roughly as (1 + z)^1.9, suggesting a main sequence for black hole growth similar to the cosmic evolution of specific SFRs. Our results offer an attractive scenario consistent with available observations in which cosmological gas infall and transport of angular momentum in the galaxy by gravitational instabilities regulate the long-term co-evolution of black holes and star-forming galaxies.Comment: 26 pages, 15 figures, replaced by published versio

Aplicaciones de gallinaza afectan las propiedades químicas de suelos altamente meteorizados.

The effect of broiler litter applications on chemical properties of three highly weathered soils of different mineralogy was evaluated. The soils included in the study were Coto (very fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Typic Eutrustox), Consumo (fine, mixed, semiactive, isohyperthermic Typic Haplohumults), and Corozal (very fine, parasesquic, isohyperthermic Typic Hapludults). Five broiler litter treatments (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t/ha) were evaluated in a Complete Randomized Block Design with four replications. The soils were incubated for two months at room temperature (23° C). Broiler litter did not increase significantly the pH of the soils; however, soil exchangeable Al3+ decreased in all soils as a result of broiler litter applications. Exchangeable Al3+ in Coto soil decreased from 0.21 cmolc/kg Al3+ in the 0 broiler litter treatment to 0.09 cmolc/kg in the 20 t/ha treatment, in Consumo soil from 1.08 to 0.19 cmolc/kg, and in Corozal soil from 7.57 a 5.76 cmolc/kg. The treatments also increased electrical conductivity of the soils, such an effect being more evident in Coto soil. The 20 t/ha treatment increased soil electrical conductivity of Coto by 74%, whereas for Consumo and Corozal soils the increase was only 55 and 54%, respectively. Available P content in Coto soil increased from 40 mg/kg in the check treatment, to 65 mg/kg in the 20 t/ha manure treatment. In Consumo and Corozal soils no significant change in available P was observed. This finding is indicative of the high P fixing capacity of these soils. It is suggested that soil exchangeable Al3+ in Consumo and Corozal soils is reacting with P in the manure, forming aluminum phosphates and contributing to phosphate fixation. Broiler litter application increased exchangeable K+ and Mg2, but not exchangeable Ca2+, in the three soils; exchangeable Mn2+ increased in Consumo and Coto soils.Se evaluó el efecto de aplicaciones de gallinaza en las propiedades químicas de tres suelos altamente meteorizados, pero de diferente mineralogía. Los suelos utilizados fueron Coto (bien fino, caolinítico. isohipertérmico Eutrustox Típico), Consumo (fino, mixto, semiactivo, isohipertérmico Haplohumults Típico), y Corozal (bien fino, parasesquic, isohipertérmico Hapludults Típico). Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos de gallinaza (0, 5, 10, 15 y 20 t/ha) en un diseño de bloques al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Los suelos con sus respectivos tratamientos se incubaron a una temperatura promedio de 23° C por dos meses. Las aplicaciones de gallinaza no afectaron significativamente el pH de los suelos. Sin embargo, el contenido de Al3+ intercambiable disminuyó en los tres suelos con las aplicaciones de gallinaza. En el suelo Coto el Al3+ intercambiable disminuyó de 0.21 cmolc/kg en el tratamiento sin gallinaza, a 0.09 cmolc/kg con la aplicación de 20 t/ha. En el suelo Consumo la disminución de Al3+ intercambiable fue de 1.08 a 0.19 cmolc/kg, y en el suelo Corozal fue de 7.57 a 5.76 cmolc/kg, para los mismos tratamientos. Los tratamientos de gallinaza aumentaron significativamente la conductividad eléctrica del suelo, siendo este efecto más marcado en el suelo Coto. La aplicación de 20 t/ha de gallinaza aumentó la conductividad eléctrica del suelo Coto en un 74%, mientras que para los suelos Consumo y Corozal este parámetro aumentó en 55 y 54%, respectivamente. El contenido de P disponible del suelo Coto aumentó de 40 mg/kg en el tratamiento sin gallinaza a 65 mg/kg con la aplicación de 20 t/ha de gallinaza. En los suelos Consumo y Corozal no se observó cambio significativo en este parámetro, lo que indica una alta capacidad de estos suelos para fijar P. La alta capacidad para fijar P está relacionada al alto contenido de Al3+ intercambiable de los suelos Consumo y Corozal y la formación de fosfatos de aluminio. El contenido de K+ y Mg2 intercambiable de los tres suelos aumentó con las aplicaciones de gallinaza, no así el contenido de Ca2+ intercambiable; el Mn2+ intercambiable aumentó en los suelos Consumo y Coto

Vinculación de Ciempozuelos (Madrid) con sus aguas subterráneas

Ciempozuelos is located 35 km to the south of Madrid on the Miocene gypsum formations characteristic of the centre of Madrid basin. From old times (XIV century or former) the water supply was made mainly by means of a galleries dug by pick and shovel (denominated in the town “mines” of water). By this way, the public fountains were supplied. Given the easiness of excavation of the galleries in gypsum materials and the robustness of they without lining necessity, made proliferate the “mines” and also the excavation of caves in the basements of the housings with object of storage wines and other products. Finally it was a crossroad of galleries, holes, caves, mines… that extend for the underground of Ciempozuelos. The historians speculates, with foundation, that Spanish name of the city mentions this proliferation of wells and mines.Actually this rich hydraulic patrimony is abandoned and in phase of deterioration due to its partial destruction as the urbanization of the urban city progresses. The Town Hall has undertaken archaeological and hydrogeological studies in order to improve the knowledgement of the nature and singularities of these infrastructures and later to management them properly. The hydrogeological study made, has distinguished clearly among those denominated “mines” and other types of built hollows under the urban underground. Forty six wells have been inventoried. The equipotential lines map show that the direction of the groundwater flow in Ciempozuelos city is mainly from the southwest toward the northeast. Thirty five chemical analysis and fifteen bacteriological samples have been made and they confirm the calcium bicarbonate facies with high conductivity (1.700 ìS/cm) and the inadequate bacteriological quality in order to possible use in urban water supply. We recommend their use for ornamental uses, irrigation of streets, and cultural memory of the singular water supply that has persisted in the city during centuries.Ciempozuelos pertenece a la Comunidad de Madrid y se encuentra a unos 35 km al sur de la capital. Desde tiempos antiguos (siglo XIV o anteriormente) el abastecimiento en agua se efectuaba principalmente mediante una serie de galerías horizontales excavadas a “pico y pala” (denominadas en la localidad “minas de agua”). De esta forma se abastecían las fuentes públicas.La facilidad de excavación en el sustrato yesífero y la robustez de las cavidades sin necesidad de revestimiento, hizo proliferar tanto la construcción de “minas” como cuevas en los bajos de las viviendas con objeto de almacenaje de diversos productos. El resultado fue una encrucijada de pozos, galerías, huecos, cuevas y “minas” que se extienden por el subsuelo, y que posiblemente diese lugar al nombre del emplazamiento: Ciempozuelos.En la actualidad este rico patrimonio hidráulico está prácticamente abandonado y en fase de deterioro debido a su destrucción parcial a medida que progresa la urbanización del casco urbano. El Ayuntamiento ha emprendido estudios arqueológicos e hidrogeológicos para, en primer lugar, conocer la naturaleza y singularidades de estas infraestructuras y posteriormente gestionarlas con criterio.El estudio hidrogeológico efectuado ha distinguido claramente entre las denominadas “minas” y otros tipos de oquedades construidas bajo el subsuelo urbano. Se han inventariado 46 puntos de agua, se ha confeccionado el mapa de isopiezas bajo el subsuelo del casco urbano que ha determinado que el flujo de las aguas subterráneas es principalmente de sudoeste a nordeste. Se han efectuado 35 análisis químicos y 13 bacteriológicos de muestras de agua que han servido para confirmar la facies bicarbonatada cálcica con alta conductividad (1.700 mS/cm) de las aguas y la inadecuada calidad bacteriológica, de cara a su posible uso en abastecimiento.Se propone el uso del agua para fines ornamentales y baldeo de calles y cultural como recuerdo del singular abastecimiento que durante siglos ha persistido en la población

Comparative theoretical analysis between parallel and perpendicular geometries for 2d particle patterning in photovoltaic ferroelectric substrates

This paper describes the dielectrophoretic potential created by the evanescent electric field acting on a particle near a photovoltaic crystal surface depending on the crystal cut. This electric field is obtained from the steady state solution of the Kukhtarev equations for the photovoltaic effect, where the diffusion term has been disregarded. First, the space charge field generated by a small, square, light spot where d ≪ l (being d a side of the square and l the crystal thickness) is studied. The surface charge density generated in both geometries is calculated and compared as their relation determines the different properties of the dielectrophoretic potential for both cuts. The shape of the dielectrophoretic potential is obtained and compared for several distances to the sample. Afterwards other light patterns are studied by the superposition of square spots, and the resulting trapping profiles are analysed. Finally the surface charge densities and trapping profiles for different d/l relations are studiedThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad under grants MAT2011-28379- C03 and MAT2014-57704-C

Application of Multifunctional Agents During Enhanced Oil Recovery

During the application of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes, complex operational issues, such as the deposition of organic compounds (i.e., wax, resins, and asphaltenes, among others), reservoir formation damage, rock wettability alteration, and high fluids viscosity negatively affect oil recovery. This chapter presents the experimental evaluation of the multifunctional properties of two novel chemical agents recently developed: a zwitterionic surfactant (ZS) and a supramolecular complex (named here as AMESUS) for chemical EOR applications. The performance of the new multifunctional agents and the mechanisms in play on the removal/control of organic compounds deposition oil recovery, asphaltenes inhibition-dispersion activity, reduction in heavy crude oil viscosity, rock wettability modification, and relative permeability are discussed in this chapter