PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PETANI KARET AKIBAT RENDAHNYA HARGA JUAL KOMODITAS KARET ALAM DI KABUPATEN SINTANG BERDASARKAN KETETAPAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR SEMBILAN BELAS TAHUN DUA RIBU TIGA BELAS TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN DAN PEMBERDAYAAN PETANI

ABSTRAK  Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2013 tentang Perlindungan dan Pemberdayaan Petani merupakan komitmen responsif pemerintah. Namun demikian, petani/pekebun karet di kabupaten Sintang masih mengalami permasalahan karena rendahnya harga jual karet. Oleh karena itu maka diperlukan penelitian untuk mengetahui upaya yang telah dilakukan, alasan melakukan, dan cara melakukan: Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Petani Karet Akibat Rendahnya Harga Jual Komoditas  Karet Alam  Di Kabupaten Sintang Berdasarkan Ketetapan Undang-Undang Nomor Sembilan Belas Tahun Dua Ribu Tiga Belas Tentang Perlindungan Dan Pemberdayaan Petani. Kata kunci : perlindungan,hukum,harga, karet. ABSTRACT  Act Number 19 of 2013 concerning Farmer Protection and Empowerment is a government responsive commitment. However, rubber farmers/planters in Sintang district still experience problems due to low rubber prices. Therefore, research was needed to find out the efforts that have been done, the reasons for doing, and how to do Legal Protection for Rubber Farmers Due to Low Selling Prices of Natural Rubber Commodities in the Sintang Regency Based on the Decree of the Act Number Nineteen In The Year of Two Thousand and Thirteen In respect of Farmers Protection and Empowerment. Keywords: Protection, law, rubber, pric

Fabrication and in vivo evaluation of highly pH-responsive acrylic microparticles for targeted gastrointestinal delivery

Acrylic enteric microparticles for oral drug delivery were prepared by an oil-in-oil emulsion solvent evaporation process. The novel use of sorbitan sesquioleate as a surfactant produced Eudragit L55, L and S (pH thresholds of 5.5, 6 and 7, respectively) microparticles of good morphology (spherical, smooth surfaced), size (<100 μm) and size uniformity. The process was efficient (yield approximately 90%) and the encapsulated model drug (prednisolone) was in the amorphous form. The Eudragit L and S microparticles showed excellent pH-responsive drug release in dissolution studies (negligible drug release at pH 1.2; rapid drug release above the polymers' pH thresholds). In contrast, Eudragit L55 particles aggregated in fluid and showed poor control of drug release. In vivo in rats, Eudragit L microparticles released their drug load rapidly (Tmax < 1 h) and the Cmax and AUC were higher than those of a control suspension of prednisolone. Drug absorption from Eudragit S microparticles was low which was attributed to the fact that the threshold pH of Eudragit S was not reached in the rat intestine and drug release was therefore incomplete. It was concluded that although the rat is an inappropriate model for the investigation of Eudragit S microparticles, the positive results seen with the Eudragit L microparticles indicate its potential use in pH-targeted drug delivery

Ethanol-Based Proliposome Delivery Systems of Paclitaxel for In Vitro Application Against Brain Cancer Cells

In this study the anticancer activity of paclitaxel-loaded nano-liposomes on glioma cell lines was investigated. Soya phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (SPC:Chol), hydrogenated soya phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (HSPC:Chol) or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (DPPC:Chol) in 1:1 mole ratio were used to prepare ethanol-based proliposomes. Following hydration of proliposomes, the size of resulting vesicles was subsequently reduced to nanometer scale via probe-sonication. The resulting formulations were characterized in terms of size, zeta potential and morphology of the vesicles, and entrapment efficiency of paclitaxel (PX) as well as the final pH of the preparations. DPPC-liposomes entrapped 35–92% of PX compared to 27–74% and 25–60% entrapped by liposomes made from SPC and HSPC formulations respectively, depending on drug concentration. The entrapment efficiency of liposomes was dependent on the lipid bilayer properties and ability of PX to modify surface charge of the vesicles. In vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed that PX-liposome formulations were more selective at inhibiting the malignant cells. The cytotoxicity of PX-liposomes was dependent on their drug-entrapment efficiency. This study has shown PX-liposomes generated from proliposomes have selective activity against glioma cell lines, and the synthetic DPPC phospholipid was most suitable for maximized drug entrapment and highest activity against the malignant cells in vitro

Nebulization of ultradeformable liposomes: The influence of aerosolization mechanism and formulation excipients

Ultradeformable liposomes are stress-responsive phospholipid vesicles that have been investigated extensively in transdermal delivery. In this study, the suitability of ultradeformable liposomes for pulmonary delivery was investigated. Aerosols of ultradeformable liposomes were generated using air-jet, ultrasonic or vibrating-mesh nebulizers and their stability during aerosol generation was evaluated using salbutamol sulphate as a model hydrophilic drug. Although delivery of ultradeformable liposome aerosols in high fine particle fraction was achievable, the vesicles were very unstable to nebulization so that up to 98% drug losses were demonstrated. Conventional liposomes were relatively less unstable to nebulization. Moreover, ultradeformable liposomes tended to aggregate during nebulization whilst conventional vesicles demonstrated a "size fractionation" behaviour, with smaller liposomes delivered to the lower stage of the impinger and larger vesicles to the upper stage. A release study conducted for 2 h showed that ultradeformable liposomes retained only 30% of the originally entrapped drug, which was increased to 53% by inclusion of cholesterol within the formulations. By contrast, conventional liposomes retained 60-70% of the originally entrapped drug. The differences between ultradeformable liposomes and liposomes were attributed to the presence of ethanol or Tween 80 within the elastic vesicle formulations. Overall, this study demonstrated, contrary to our expectation, that materials included with the aim of making the liposomes more elastic and ultradeformable to enhance delivery from nebulizers were in fact responsible for vesicle instability during nebulization and high leakage rates of the drug

Proliposome Powders for the Generation of Liposomes: the Influence of Carbohydrate Carrier and Separation Conditions on Crystallinity and Entrapment of a Model Antiasthma Steroid

Formulation effects on the entrapment of beclometasone dipropionate (BDP) in liposomes generated by hydration of proliposomes were studied, using the high-density dispersion medium deuterium oxide in comparison to deionized water (DW). Proliposomes incorporating BDP (2 mol% of the lipid phase consisting of soya phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and cholesterol; 1:1) were manufactured, using lactose monohydrate (LMH), sorbitol or D-mannitol as carbohydrate carriers (1:5 w/w lipid to carrier). Following hydration of proliposomes, separation of BDP-entrapped liposomes from the unentrapped (free) BDP at an optimized centrifugation duration of 90 min and a centrifugation force of 15,500g were identified. The dispersion medium was found to have a major influence on separation of BDP-entrapped liposomes from the unentrapped drug. Entrapment efficiency values were higher than 95% as estimated when DW was used. By contrast, the entrapment efficiency was 19.69 ± 5.88, 28.78 ± 4.69 and 34.84 ± 3.62% upon using D2O as a dispersion medium (for LMH-, sorbitol- and D-mannitol-based proliposomes, respectively). The similarity in size of liposomes and BDP crystals was found to be responsible for co-sedimentation of liposomes and free BDP crystals upon centrifugation in DW, giving rise to the falsely high entrapment values estimated. This was remedied by the use of D2O as confirmed by light microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)HNMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and entrapment studies. This study showed that carrier type has a significant influence on the entrapment of BDP in liposomes generated from proliposomes, and using D2O is essential for accurate determination of steroid entrapment in the vesicles