中国企業の研究開発における問題点：外資導入の盲点

2007-07急成長をし続ける中国経済を評価する場合、その産業の技術水準およびそれを支える政府の科学技術政策や企業の研究開発の実態を的確におさえることはかつてないほど重要になっている。中国経済のさらなる発展を期待するには、技術革新を可能にするしっかりとした研究開発体制が不可欠となる。しかし、この肝要な点について、中国国内では近年危機感が高まりつつあるのである。中国の高成長は真の技術進歩を伴っていず、むしろ逆に 改革以前よりも先進国との差を広げたのではないかという厳しい見方が有力となりつつある。このような技術進歩不在論を裏付けるように、近年、中国政府も未曾有の危機感を持って根拠に乏しい楽観論を戒め、技術革新（技術創新）の重要性を唱えるようになった。この中で、とりわけ1990年代以降外国直接投資を誘致する際に流行し始めた「市場で持って技術と交換する」という考え方は、厳しい批判を浴び、外資進出による技術移転の効果に対して大きな疑問が投げかけられた。本報告は、以上のことを念頭に、経済改革期における中国の技術革新とりわけ企業の研究開発に実態について初歩的な整理を行うものである。中でも、特に注目しているのは、大量の海外直接投資の導入が中国企業の研究開発に及ぼす影響である。このため、初歩的な事例研究として、中国のカラーテレビ産業を取り上げてみた。中国のカラーテレビ産業において、CRTテレビ時代の利益率が非常に低いという問題が、薄型テレビ時代に入ってからも、一向変わっていない。この現象の中に、利益率を低下させる メカニズムの存在が確認できる。研究開発の重要性が認識されつつある現在、中国が直面している最大の問題は、大量の外資系企業の存在のため、研究開発の過程における「失敗を許す空間」の喪失である。この問題が正しく理解されなければ、政策当局は適切な環境整備ができない。ゆえに、中国企業の強力な研究開発力の形成も 困難であろう。departmental bulletin pape

Commitment procedures under the antimonopoly act of Japan

Hans-Peter Marutschke教授 松山隆英教授 退職記念論集 第一部Dedicated to Professor Hans-Peter Marutschke Professor Takahide Matsuyama on their retirementsArticleapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

日本における通常学級に所属する極低出生体重児の発達支援の課題<教育科学>

This study introduces various studies on the provision of developmental support from infancy to school age to intellectually normal infants with very low birth weight. A literature review revealed the issues of support for parents and collaborations between organizations related to the care of children from infancy to school age. However, most existing studies have targeted mothers and nursery teachers and have not investigated kindergarten and post-secondary teachers. Therefore, the scope of research on this theme must be expanded to enable long-term and comprehensive developmental support for very low birth weight infants. Prospective studies should promote surveys on parents, nursery schools, kindergartens, elementary schools, and nursing facilities. Future researchers must attempt to apprehend the actual conditions of developmental and educational support for very low birth weight infants and assistance extended to their parents and should examine the status and significance of collaborations between the related organizations.textapplication/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Observation of B→K*ℓ+ℓ-

journal articl

0812-9869-9940 (WA), Jual Keranda Mayat Nusawangkal

&lt;p&gt;0812-9869-9940 (WA), Jual Keranda Mayat Nusawangkal@@Jual Keranda Mayat Nusawangkal, Jual Keranda Mayat Kota Bambu Selatan, Jual Keranda Mayat Cidahu, Jual Keranda Mayat Cigandamekar, Jual Keranda Mayat Cigugur, Jual Keranda Mayat Cilebak, Jual Keranda Mayat Cilimus, Jual Keranda Mayat Cimahi, Jual Keranda Mayat Ciniru@@keranda jenazah 1 set promo @keranda mayat dan pemandian sepaket@keranda awet kokoh anti karat@paket keranda murah@paket keranda jenazah dan pemandian 1 paket@keranda paket@paket pemandian jenazah dan keranda@pemandian jenazah@GRATIS KAIN PENUTUP KERANDA@Menyediakan berbagai kebutuhan kepengurusan jenazah@@Dengan material stainless steel, kami memproduksi KERANDA JENAZAH dan PEMANDIAN JENAZAH yang mana ANTI KARAT, KOKOH, dan JELAS KEAWETANNYA.@@Memudahkan bagi jamaah sekalian dalam kepengurusan jenazah@Dibuat dari STAINLESS STEEL sehingga tahan karat dan aman disimpan dalam ruangan@Desain yang KOKOH mampu menahan berat hingga 300kg @@Spesifikasi Singkat:@-KERANDA@Bahan : Stainless Steel 201@Dimensi : Panjang 200 cm � Lebar 65 cm -Tinggi kurungan 64cm@Beban Maximum 300 kg@@-PEMANDIAN JENAZAH@Bahan : Stainless Steel 201@Dimensi : Panjang 205cm - Lebar 75cm - Tinggi 80cm@Beban MAX : 300KG@@@#JualKerandaMayatNusawangkal, #JualKerandaMayatKotaBambuSelatan, #JualKerandaMayatCidahu, #JualKerandaMayatCigandamekar, #JualKerandaMayatCigugur, #JualKerandaMayatCilebak, #JualKerandaMayatCilimus, #JualKerandaMayatCimahi, #JualKerandaMayatCiniru&lt;/p&gt

大山山麓の鹹味ある鉱物について

departmental bulletin pape

Phagocytosis and fluid-phase endocytosis are not increased in PerMΦs from <i>db/db</i> mice.

<p><i>A</i>, <i>Db</i>/+and <i>db/db</i> mice were IP administered 0.21 or 2.6 µm latex microspheres (beads) at 5×10⁹ or 5×10⁷ beads/ml, respectively. Following a 4 h <i>in vivo</i> incubation period, PerMΦs were collected and microsphere uptake was measured by flow cytometry. <i>B, Db</i>/+and <i>db/db</i> mice were IP administered 0.25 mg/ml FITC-dextran. Following a 4 h <i>in vivo</i> incubation period, PerMΦs were collected and dextran uptake was measured by flow cytometry. Results for <i>A</i> and <i>B</i> represent the average of three independent experiments±SEM.</p

<i>Db/db</i> mice have elevated blood glucose and serum insulin levels.

<p>Fasting blood glucose (FBG), random blood glucose (RBG), fasting serum insulin (FSI), and random serum insulin (RSI). Results represent the average of n = 5 mice±SEM. *: p<0.05.</p

CD36 and SR-A mediate increased AcLDL and cholesteryl ester uptake in diabetic PerMΦs.

<p><i>A,</i> PerMΦs were collected from <i>db</i>/+mice and cultured for 30 min ex vivo. Cells were then incubated on ice for 15 m with CD36, SR-A blocking antibodies (Ab) or isotype control antibodies (Iso) as indicated. Cells were then incubated with 5 µg/ml Dil-AcLDL and uptake measured by flow cytometry at 4 h. <i>B,</i> PerMΦs were collected from <i>db/db</i> mice and cultured for 30 min ex vivo. Cells were then incubated on ice for 15 m with CD36, SR-A blocking antibodies (Ab) or isotype control antibodies (Iso) as indicated. Cells were then incubated with 5 µg/ml Dil-AcLDL and uptake measured by flow cytometry at 4 h. <i>C, Db</i>/+mice were IP administered 5 µg/ml bodipy-cholesteryl ester (C.E.) with CD36, SR-A blocking antibodies (Ab) or isotype control antibodies (Iso) as indicated. After 4 h, PerMΦs were collected and cholesteryl ester uptake measured by flow cytometry. <i>D, Db/db</i> mice were IP adminsitered 5 µg/ml bodipy-cholesteryl ester (C.E.) with CD36, SR-A blocking antibodies (Ab) or isotype control antibodies (Iso) as indicated. After 4 h, PerMΦs were collected and cholesteryl ester uptake measured by flow cytometry. <i>E</i>, PerMΦs were collected from <i>db</i>/+and <i>db/db</i> mice. CD36 and SR-A surface expression was measured by flow cytometry. Results for <i>A-E</i> represent the average of three independent experiments±SEM. *: p<0.05</p

PerMΦs from <i>db/db</i> mice have increased AcLDL and cholesteryl ester uptake.

<p><i>A, db</i>/+and <i>db/db</i> mice were administered 5 µg/mL of Dil-AcLDL by IP injection. After 4 h, PerMΦs were collected and Dil-AcLDL uptake measured by flow cytometry. <i>B</i>, db/+and db/db mice were administered 5 µg/mL of bodipy-cholesteryl ester by IP injection. After 4 h, PerMΦs were collected and cholesteryl ester uptake measured by flow cytometry. <i>C</i>, bodipy-cholesteryl ester (C.E) or carrier (Con) were administered as in A for 4 h. PerMΦs cholesteryl ester uptake was examined using fluorescent microscopy. Results are representative of three independent experiments. <i>D</i>, PerMΦs were collected from db/+and db/db mice and cultured for 30 min ex vivo. Cells were then incubated with 5 µg/mL bodipy-cholesteryl ester (C.E.) and cholesteryl ester uptake measured by flow cytometry at 4 h. Results for A, B and D represent the average of three independent experiments±SEM. *: p<0.05.</p