Sound propagation over soft ground without and with crops and potential for surface transport noise attenuation

Growing demand on transportation, road, and railway networks has resulted in increased levels of annoyance from road traffic. Optimized use of green surfaces in combination with vegetation may be desirable as a method for reducing the noise impact of road traffic in urban and rural environments. Sound propagation over soft ground and through crops has been studied through outdoor measurements at short and medium ranges and through predictions. At lower frequencies, ground effect is dominant, and there is little or no attenuation due to crops. At higher frequencies above 3–4 kHz, the attenuation in crops is dominant. It was also found that the ground effects and the influence of crops can be treated independently and can be added to obtain the total effect. Sound attenuation by crops is the result of multiple scattering between the stems and leaves, loss of coherence, and viscous and thermal losses due to foliage. The major contribution is associated with viscous and thermal losses. A model for sound attenuation by vegetation is proposed. Insertion losses for a typical road traffic noise source have been calculated that result either by replacing hard ground with different types of acoustically soft ground or by growing crops along the road sides

Report from the Secretary of War, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, in relation to the number and kind of troops stationed on the western frontier, and the necessity of an additional military post on the same

26-2Department of WarReport on Troops on Frontiers. [377] From Fort Snelling to Fort Jesup; protection from Indian hostilities.1841-2

A. W. Desmake

34-3Military AffairsReport : Memorial of A. Desmake. [912] Indian depredations; 1855; Texas.1857-1

William Medill, Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

30-2Charges of Corruption Against the Indian Department by Mr. ClingmanReport on Charges Against W. Medill. [545] Select com. has investigated charges of corruption made against the CIA, and fully acquits him; journal of proceedings.1849-4

Pengaruh Bimbingan Keagamaan terhadap Motivasi Belajar Siswa: Penelitian Deskriptif pada Siswa Kelas XI MAN 1 Cirebon

Sekarang ini ada banyak pilihan bimbingan yang hadir di tengah-tengah masyarakat kita yang salah satunya adalah bimbingan keagamaan. Upaya bimbingan keagamaan ini kian lama kian berkembang dan semakin luas merambah setiap ranah kehidupan kita. Salah satu sektor ril yang menjadi lahan garapan bimbingan keagamaan ini adalah dunia pendidikan. Di sini, bimbingan keagamaan hadir untuk memberikan treatment kepada siswa guna meningkatkan motivasi belajar mereka karena motivasi belajar yang baik dinilai sebagai faktor penting yang harus dimiliki oleh semua siswa. Untuk merealisasikan adanya faktor tersebut maka dilakukanlah bimbingan keagamaan secara terus-menerus sehingga siswa memiliki kemampuan untuk mengembangkan motivasi belajar dalam dirinya secara maksimal. Bertolak dari hal tersebut, maka dilakukanlah penelitian dengan mengangkat dua variabel yaitu bimbingan keagamaan dan motivasi belajar siswa. Adapun tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan bimbingan keagamaan, mengetahui motivasi belajar siswa serta mengetahui pengaruh pelaksanaan bimbingan keagamaan terhadap motivasi belajar siswa kelas XI di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Cirebon. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif yang cenderung memunculkan perhitungan dari data yang diperoleh sehingga dari hasil perhitungan tersebut akan didapatkan jawaban dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini. Subjek yang merupakan sampel dari penelitian ini adalah perwakilan dari seluruh siswa kelas XI madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Cirebon yang berjumlah 40 siswa. Sementara untuk pengumpulan data penulis menggunakan instrumen berupa angket. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, diperolehlah hasil bahwa koefisien korelasi antara variabel bimbingan keagamaan dan motivasi belajar siswa adalah sebesar 0,04 yang termasuk dalam kategori sangat rendah. Untuk mengetahui diterima atau ditolaknya hipotesis dalam penelitian ini, diberlakukanlah uji keberartian regresi F dengan taraf signifikansi 0,01. Dari perhitungan diperoleh nilai F tabel sebesar 7,31 dengan F hitungnya 0,053. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan uji F tersebut, nilai Fhitung lebih kecil dari Ftabel yaitu 0,053˂7,3. Dengan demikian hipotesis yang diajukan ditolak dan hipotesis nol diterima dalam hal ini dapat dinyatakan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh antara variabel X (bimbingan keagamaan) terhadap variabel Y (motivasi belajar siswa). Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, diperoleh harga koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,16, sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa bimbingan keagamaan berpengaruh 0,16% terhadap motivasi belajar siswa. Angka tersebut mengisyaratkan bahwa untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa tidak hanya diperoleh melalui bimbingan keagamaan, melainkan masih ada 99,84% faktor lain yang dapat memengaruhi motivasi belajar siswa

Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting estimates of appropriations for survey of lands for benefit of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians

40-2Indian AffairsSurvey of Lands for Cheyennes and Arapahoes. [1337] Half-breed lands under the treaty of 14 Oct. 1865; trouble may arise, as the Union Pacific Railroad will pass through the reserves.1868-

Letter from the Acting Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting a copy of a communication from the Secretary of the Interior submitting amended estimates to those submitted for the relief and civilization of the Chippewa Indians for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893.

52-1Indian AffairsChippewa Indians in Minnesota. [2954] Appropriation for relief of Indians; fiscal 1893.1892-3

Frame transformation and geoid undulation transfer to GNSS real time positions through the new RTCM 3.1 transformation messages

Radio Technical Commission for Marine Services (RTCM) standardised messages play an important role in real time Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) applications such as navigation, positioning, civil engineering, surveying, and cartographic or cadastral production. One of the latest agreements on RTCM definitions contains the data fields for real time geodetic reference frame transformation and orthometric heights computation by received geoid undulations via internet protocol. These parameters can be generated dynamically by a GNSS data centre in a network of reference stations, encapsulated in RTCM messages and broadcasted to the rover location so they are centrally administered and the same frame transformations and geoid model are available to every user in the field, obtaining results in a local reference frame in real time. This paper summarises the functionality of the new RTCM 3?1 transformation messages, describes limitations and provides ideas about the possible use for solving specific problems. Test field campaigns are used to describe the real performance and usefulness of these new RTCM 3?1 messagesCapilla Roma, R.; Martín Furones, ÁE.; Anquela Julián, AB.; Berné Valero, JL. (2012). Frame transformation and geoid undulation transfer to GNSS real time positions through the new RTCM 3.1 transformation messages. Survey Review. 44(324):30-36. doi:10.1179/1752270611Y.0000000010S303644324Benciolini, B., Biagi, L., Crespi, M., Manzino, A. M., & Roggero, M. (2008). Reference frames for GNSS positioning services: Some problems and proposed solutions. Journal of Applied Geodesy, 2(1). doi:10.1515/jag.2008.006González-Matesanz, J., Dalda, A., & Malpica, J. A. (2006). A RANGE OF ED50-ETRS89 DATUM TRANSFORMATION MODELS TESTED ON THE SPANISH GEODETIC NETWORK. Survey Review, 38(302), 654-667. doi:10.1179/sre.2006.38.302.654Soler, T., & Marshall, J. (2003). A note on frame transformations with applications to geodetic datums. GPS Solutions, 7(2), 148-149. doi:10.1007/s10291-003-0063-

Chemical reactivity of ultracold polar molecules: investigation of H + HCl and H + DCl collisions

Quantum scattering calculations are reported for the H+HCl(v,j=0) and H+DCl(v,j=0) collisions for vibrational levels v=0-2 of the diatoms. Calculations were performed for incident kinetic energies in the range 10-7 to 10-1 eV, for total angular momentum J=0 and s-wave scattering in the entrance channel of the collisions. Cross sections and rate coefficients are characterized by resonance structures due to quasibound states associated with the formation of the H...HCl and H...DCl van der Waals complexes in the incident channel. For the H+HCl(v,j=0) collision for v=1,2, reactive scattering leading to H_2 formation is found to dominate over non-reactive vibrational quenching in the ultracold regime. Vibrational excitation of HCl from v=0 to v=2 increases the zero-temperature limiting rate coefficient by about 8 orders of magnitude.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Euro. Phys. J. topical issue on "Ultracold Polar Molecules: Formation and Collisions