Vertex Graceful Labeling-Some Path Related Graphs

Treating subjects as vertex graceful graphs, vertex graceful labeling, caterpillar, actinia graphs, Smarandachely vertex m-labeling

Effects of apple polyphenols on modulation of detocifying enzyme systems as biomarkers of chemoprevention in human colon cells

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the developedworld with Western style diets. Flavonoids from fruits and vegetables probably reduce colorectal tumour risks. Apples contain significant amounts of polyphenols that are potentially cancer risk reducing, possibly by acting antioxidative or antiproliferative and by favourably modulating gene expression

Plant Metabolomics: Current Initiatives and Future Prospects

Plant metabolomics is a rapidly advancing field of plant sciences and systems biology. It involves comprehensive analyses of small molecules (metabolites) in plant tissues and cells. These metabolites include a wide range of compounds, such as sugars, amino acids, organic acids, secondary metabolites (e.g., alkaloids and flavonoids), lipids, and more. Metabolomics allows an understanding of the functional roles of specific metabolites in plants' physiology, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It can lead to the identification of metabolites linked with specific traits or functions. Plant metabolic networks and pathways can be better understood with the help of metabolomics. Researchers can determine how plants react to environmental cues or genetic modifications by examining how metabolite profiles change under various crop stages. Metabolomics plays a major role in crop improvement and biotechnology. Integrating metabolomics data with other omics data (genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) provides a more comprehensive perspective of plant biology. This systems biology approach enables researchers to understand the complex interactions within organisms

Design, development and evaluation of controlled release multiple unit pellets for potential delivery of antiulcerants

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The main aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate enteric coated, controlled release multiple unit pellets of Esomprazole magnesium and Rabeprazole sodium using natural and synthetic polymers. OBJECTIVES: 1. To formulate Esomeprazole magnesium and Rabeprazole Sodium Controlled release Multiple Unit Pellets using various concentrations of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose K15, Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose K100, Ethyl Cellulose, and Xanthan gum by Extrusion Spheronization process. 2. To evaluate the pre - compression parameters like drug excipient interaction study, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and angle of repose. 3. To evaluate various post compression evaluation parameters like friability, drug content and in vitro dissolution studies and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study. 4. To formulate gastric protection for the prepared multiple unit pellets using Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose Phthalate as enteric polymer. 6. To determine the mechanism and kinetics of drug release. 7. To conduct stability studies on optimized formulation as per ICH guidelines. SUMMARY: In the modern era of Pharmaceutical research much attention has been focussed on patient’s health in terms of therapeutic efficacy and safety. Modified Dosage Form (MRDF) has always been more effective therapeutic alternative to conventional or immediate release. The term modified release drug product is used to describe product that alter the timing and /or the rate of release of the drug substances. There are two types of MRDF .i) Delayed release ii) Extended release. The terms Controlled release (CR), Sustained release (SR) Prolong release (PR) has been used synonymously with extended release dosage forms. Controlled release drug delivery is one which delivers the drug at a predetermined rate for locally (or) systemically for a specified period of time. Controlled release drug delivery system aim to maintain plasma concentration of drugs within the therapeutic window for a longer period of time. Delayed release products are formulated with acid resistance (or) enteric coating protects acid labile drug substance from the gastric environment (or) to prevent adverse events such as irritation. A peptic ulcer is an open sore on the lining of the stomach or duodenum. Gastric and duodenal ulcer is produced by an imbalance between mucosal defences particularly gastric acid and pepsin. In addition, H.pylori infection is a major factor in the pathogenic of peptic ulcer. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) rank among the top 10 prescribed classes of drugs and are commonly used to treat acid reflux, indigestion and peptic ulcers. PPIs are among the most widely sold drugs in the world and the first one in antiulcer medicine is omeprazole(WHO model list of essential medicines). Among seven available PPI drugs Esomeprazole magnesium and Rabeprazole sodium are classical examples of proton pump inhibitors and are approved by FDA for the treatment of GERD, Peptic ulcer and maintains of erosive esophagites. These drugs will degrading in acidic environment of stomach and will lead to therapeutic in efficacy so it is necessary to bypass the acidic pH of the stomach which can be achieved by formulating delayed release dosage forms by using different enteric polymers. The goal of any drug delivery system is to provide a therapeutic amount of drug to the proper site in the body to achieve promptly and then maintain the desired drug concentration. Many marketed Esomeprazole and Rabeprazole tablets/pellets are available as enteric coated formulation only. The main aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate enteric coated, controlled release tablets of Esomeprazole magnesium and Rabeprazole sodium using natural and synthetic polymers gives better and more uniform drug absorption and greater bioavailability. To design the multiple unit pellets, we have developed two different spheroid unit of uniform drug content with varying in polymer concentration to achieve rate controlled drug release as per our specification. The first group spheroid unit which contain only drug with spheroidizing polymers was prepared to achieve the minimum effective concentration. The second group of spheroid unit was prepared by using the controlled release polymers HPMC K100, HPMC K15, Ethyl cellulose and Xanthan gum. Among the four polymers HPMC K100 the drug Polymer ratio 1:1.5 shows good controlled release characters in Esomeprazole magnesium and HPMC K 15 the drug and polymer ratio 1:2 shows good controlled release profile in Rabeprazole sodium. The MUPS were prepared by Extrusion -Spheronization a promising pelletization technique. In this process the pellets were prepared by mixing the drug with excipient along with binder solution the resultant mass was extruded through extruder followed by spheronizer and finally dried. The possible interactions between drugs and distinct polymers were investigated via FT-IR Studies. Results proved that Rabeprazole sodium and Esomeprazole magnesium was found to be compatible with excipient as no disappearance of the peaks or shift of the peaks indicating that the drugs are compatible with ingredients. The micromeritics evaluation like Bulk density, Tapped density, Angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hauser’s ratio of the prepared pellets shows good flow property. The post formulation parameters like friability, drug content were carried out and found to be within acceptable limit. SEM study shows the surface morphology of the optimized formulations E2 and R6 the pellets was compact, continuous and was porous in nature, demonstrated the spherical nature of the pellets. Based on in vitro dissolution profile the enteric coated, controlled release multiple unit pellets of Esomeprazole magnesium and Rabeprazole sodium was developed using HPMCK100 in the ratio 1:1.5 ( drug :polymer) and HPMC K15 in the ratio 1:1.5 ( drug :polymer) respectively as controlled release polymer and Hypromellose phthalate HP55 as enteric coated polymer. The optimized formulations E2 (Esomeprazole) and R6 (Rabeprazole) had better resistant to 0.1N HCl and better cumulative percent drug release as compared to other formulation. After 12 hours E2 shows 97.88% and R6 shows 97.59 % cumulative percent drug release as compared to other formulation. So E2 (Esomeprazole) R6 (Rabeprazole) was selected as optimized formulation from the trail batches. The in vivo pharmacokinetic plasma concentration and time curve parameters shows that less plasma concentration fluctuation, lower Cmax, prolonged tmax and MRT of formulated MUPS than that of marketed enteric coated formulations. Stability study revealed there was no significant change in in vitro release profile. All the parameters were within limit after 90 days. CONCLUSION: From the above research finding it can be concluded that controlled release of Esomeprazole Magnesium and Rabeprazole Sodium Multiple Unit Pellets could be developed by using HPMC K100 the drug Polymer ratio 1:1.5 and HPMC K 15 the drug and polymer ratio 1:2 prepared by Extrusion -Spheronization to achieve better bioavailability and extended drug release. Further, the first group spheroid unit could maintain the minimum effective concentration and the second group spheroid unit could release the medicament in control release manner. Hence the prepared Multiple Unit Pellets could achieve both enteric coating and controlled release approach for the potential delivery of Antiulcerants

Bells and Whistles on Fertilizers: Molecular Hands to Hang Nanoporous Foliar Fertilizer Reservoirs

Porous materials are highly explored platforms for fertilizer delivery. Among porous materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an important class of coordination polymers in which metal ions and organic electron donors as linkers are assembled to form crystalline structures with stable nanoporosity. Selected amino acids were inherently found to have the capacity to hold the leaf cuticle. Hence, MOF synthesis was attempted in the presence of amino acids, which can act as surface terminators and can assist as hands to hold to the leaf for a controlled nutrient supply. By serendipity, the amino acids were found to act as modulators, resulting in well-stabilized porous MOF structures with iron metal nodes, which are often noted to be unstable. Thus, the composite, i.e., (MOF@aa) MOF modulated with amino acids, has efficient nutrient-feeding ability through the foliar route when compared to the control

Developability Approximation for Neural Implicits through Rank Minimization

Developability refers to the process of creating a surface without any tearing or shearing from a two-dimensional plane. It finds practical applications in the fabrication industry. An essential characteristic of a developable 3D surface is its zero Gaussian curvature, which means that either one or both of the principal curvatures are zero. This paper introduces a method for reconstructing an approximate developable surface from a neural implicit surface. The central idea of our method involves incorporating a regularization term that operates on the second-order derivatives of the neural implicits, effectively promoting zero Gaussian curvature. Implicit surfaces offer the advantage of smoother deformation with infinite resolution, overcoming the high polygonal constraints of state-of-the-art methods using discrete representations. We draw inspiration from the properties of surface curvature and employ rank minimization techniques derived from compressed sensing. Experimental results on both developable and non-developable surfaces, including those affected by noise, validate the generalizability of our method

An investigation on foreign exchange exposure in Malaysia listed companies

In the light of globalization and internationalization of world markets, foreign exchange risk has become one of the most difficult and persistent problems with which financial executives must cope. This risk cannot be avoided, but can be managed by hedging in currency forwards and options. The need and approach for managing it depends on the size of exposure and fluctuations in exchange rate. Malaysia has its own status in the international markets. This study construct an analysis about foreign exchange exposure Malaysia companies were listed on Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange during period January 2000 to December 2010. This study extent the prior researches by investigating the effects of major determinants toward the foreign exchange exposure. This study reveals that company efficiency, size, asset tangibility and growth opportunity do affect the foreign exchange exposure in Malaysia companies in general. However, the result comes up differently when those companies classified into their industry sectors. For Industry Product sector, this study documents the evidence that financial leverage, efficiency, profitability and size of the companies are significantly influence the foreign exchange exposur

Characterization of Solar Roadways Via Computational and Experimental Investigations

Efficiency of traditional solar panels is known to be very low and hence necessitates the use of extensive open spaces for producing solar-based electric power. In solar roadways concept, open spaces such as roads, parking lots, bicycle lanes, footpaths are proposed to be utilized. An in-depth quantitative feasibility study for implementing solar roadways in Canada is carried out considering the total available surfaces, solar panel efficiency and effects of fast moving shades. The load carrying capability of commercially available materials for the solar panel top cover is studied in an effort to examine the current as well as near-future implementation of this proposed concept. In addition, a piezo-based auxiliary energy harvesting system is proposed for harnessing the vehicle-induced strain on the solar panel top cover. The positions of the piezoelectric elements are optimized by studying the vibration characteristics of the top cover via numerical as well as experimental methods

Personal attributes, family influences, entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship inclination among university students

This paper investigates the factors associated with entrepreneurial inclination among undergraduate students in Malaysian universities. Among others, the influences of personal attributes, family and peer, and entrepreneurship education on the students' inclination towards entrepreneurship are examined. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to accounting students at three public universities in Klang Valley. About 178 questionnaires were completed and were found to be usable for the purpose of the study. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis and t-tests were employed to analyse the data. Generally, the results of the study indicate that the respondents have a positive inclination towards entrepreneurship. The hierarchical regression results show that personal characteristics, family influence, entrepreneurial education have positive and significant influence on the students' intention to be entrepreneurs when the variables are added into the equation. However, gender is not an important factor in influencing the students to choose entrepreneurship as their future career pathway

Comparison of forced expiratory spirometric flow changes following intrathecal bupivacaine and bupivacaine with fentanyl

Background: Higher dermatomal block following spinal anaesthesia impairs inspiratory capacity and decreases forced expiratory flow rates. This decrease in forced expiratory flows can in turn decrease the effectiveness of cough. Intrathecal opioids are important adjuncts to intrathecal local anaesthetics. The objective of our study was to compare the decrease in forced expiratory flows from the baseline values after subarachnoid block with bupivacaine and bupivacaine with fentanyl.Methods: Institutional ethics committee approval was obtained. Forty ASA I and II adult males, scheduled for elective surgery were included in the study. Informed written consent was obtained from all patients who were randomly allocated into two groups. Group B received intrathecal anaesthesia 15 mgs of bupivacaine with 0.5 ml of normal saline and Group BF received 15 mgs of bupivacaine with 0.5 ml of fentanyl (25 μg) intrathecally. The patients were instructed about the performance of the spirometry on the previous evening of the surgery. Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, peak expiratory flow rate and maximum expiratory pressure (Forced expiratory flows) were measured in supine position before intrathecal block and at 10, 60 and 120 minutes, following the establishment of the block. Highest dermatomal level of sensory blockade was noted.Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the baseline values of FVC (Group B: 4.188 ± 0.821, Group BF: 4.186 ± 0.575, p – 0.127), FEV1 (Group B: 3.301 ± 0.846, Group BF: 3.276 ± 0.825, p – 0.240), PEFR (Group B: 458.6 ± 43.024, Group BF: 452.6 ± 41.036, p -0.091 ) and PEmax (Group B: 52.64 ± 4.029, Group BF: 53 ± 3.162, p – 0.119 ) between the two groups. There was highly significant reduction in the values of FVC, PEFR and PEmax when compared to the baseline in both the groups at all three study periods. There was an acute reduction in the values of FVC, FEV1, PEFR and PEmax at 10 minutes. The graphs then achieve a plateau from 10 minutes to 60 minutes. From 60 to 120 minutes there was a gradual upslope in the graph. With regards to FEV1, though at 10 and 60 minutes there were statistically significant reductions when compared to the baseline values in both the groups, at 120 minutes the reductions were not significant. At all three time periods there was no difference in the reductions in FVC, FEV1, PEFR and PEmax values among the two groups. None of the patients in both the groups had PEFR and PEmax values below the critical value. Conclusion: The addition of 25 μg of fentanyl to intrathecal bupivacaine did not have any adverse effect on forced expiratory flows. There was a decrease in forced expiratory flows in both groups, but the decrease in PEFR and PEmax were never below the critical values. It is unlikely that a combination of intrathecal local anaesthetic and opioids will impair the normal patient’s ability to cough effectively